Proceedings

policy was established by the recognition of deferred taxes (IAS 12), which is
different from the treatment based on the Greek GAAP, according to which the
concept of deferred taxes does not exist and there is no distinction between current
and deferred tax. Additionally, IAS 12 defines the expense of the income tax when
incurred, in contrast to the Greek non-recognition of taxes as an expense of the period.
Finally, the explicit distinction of provisions from contingent liabilities introduced by
IAS 37 is a different policy compared to the requirement of the Greek GAAP to
companies to recognize liabilities for any risk which can be defined.
After identifying the aforementioned evidence and in order to run into more valid
conclusions we quantified the impact from the IAS adoption and thus found which
IAS affected most significantly the net income of the two sectors, and consequently
the changes in accounting policies that affected most significantly the sectors’
income.
2.4 Methodology
The indices that are used in the accounting literature to measure the impact of the IAS
adoption on a company can be also applied to quantify the impacts on the entire sector
the company belongs to. There is though a very important omission: they don’t take
under much consideration the fact that particular IAS may affect only specific
companies and, thus, are difficult to be measured on a total basis in order for them to
be compared with other IAS that affected other companies so as to find the most
important IAS that affected the entire sector. In several cases, the application of a
particular IAS might affect only few companies but to a great extent. Moreover, the
adoption of IAS could have a different impact on the financial results of companies
belonging to different sectors, thus a subsequent comparison of the IAS implication
between the two sectors is conducted.
The proposed index can be used to analyze the impact of the transition, by taking as a
parameter of significance the extent to which each IAS affected the companies under
examination in each sector. The analysis is applied on the data extracted from the
annual reports of the Greek listed companies, examining the impact of IAS in a group
of 59 manufacturing and 54 commercial companies. The IAS that we examined were
those that turned out to appear more frequently in the adjustments that took place in
the income statement of the sample companies (Table 1). Specifically, regarding the
manufacturing sector, IAS 21 “Changes in foreign exchange rates”, IAS 18 “Revenue
recognition” and IAS 40 “Property investments”, which were found to have a very
small numeric impact on the net income, were excluded from the analysis. However,
the limited impact they have on net income is captured by the error term included in
the proposed index. While concerning the commercial sector, IAS 23 “Borrowing
cost”, IAS 28 “Investments in associates”, IAS 31 “Joint ventures”, IAS 40 “Property
investments” and IFRS 3 “Business combinations” were excluded due to the
very small numeric impact. The IAS that were eventually examined are presented in
Table 2.
The first step of the analysis aims to identify whether the companies of the sector
were affected at any degree by the application of the IAS under examination. For this
reason, a dummy variable was created for each IASi and we placed the data as
follows:
~ 423 ~