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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 1026 Fire protection and fire engineering 1000 L) - 800 a- E 2•3 600 400 200 510 20 30 60 90 (a) 20 40 60 (b) time (mm) time (mm) one facade) Fig. 34.11 Temperature–time curves: (a) standard ISO fire test, (b) standard and natural fires in small compartments
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) In a fire test columns are exposed to fire on all four sides and axially loaded vertically, whereas beams are loaded horizontally in bending and are exposed on three sides, the upper flange being in contact with the floor slab, which also acts as the furnace roof. The stability limit is deemed to have been reached for columns when ‘run-away’ deflection occurs. For beams this is more accurately specified when the deflection rate reaches L 2 /9000d (where L = beam span, d = beam depth), within a deflection range of L/30 min to L/20 max. 34.7 Fire engineering Fire engineering 1027 There are many special building forms which can take advantage of a rational approach, called fire engineering, 12,13 which takes account of the temperatures developed in a real fire, as opposed to a standard fire (see Fig. 34.11). Essentially the fire engineering design method can be divided into two main steps: (1) Determination of the fire load The fire load of a compartment is the maximum heat that can theoretically be generated by the combustible items of contents and structure i.e. weight ¥ calorific value per unit weight. Fire load is usually expressed in relation to floor area, sometimes as MJ/m 2 or Mcal/m 2 but often converted to an equivalent weight of wood and expressed as ‘kg wood/m 2 ’ (1 kg wood ∫ 18 MJ). Standard data tables giving fire loads of different materials are available. 12,13 Examples of typical fire loads (wood equivalent) are: schools 15 kg/m 2 hospital wards 20 kg/m 2 hotels 25 kg/m 2 offices 35 kg/m 2 department stores 35 kg/m 2 textile warehouses >200 kg/m 2 (2) Prediction of maximum compartment temperature The heat that is retained in the burning compartment depends upon the thermal characteristics of the wall, floor and ceiling materials and the degree of ventilation. Sheet steel walls will dissipate heat by conduction and radiation while blockwork will retain heat in the compartment and lead to higher temperatures. It is assumed that window glass breaks in fire conditions, and calculations take into account the size and position of such ventilation. Openings close to the ceiling level of a compartment (or disintegrating roofing materials) will tend to dissipate heat whereas openings close to the floor will provide oxygen to feed the fire.
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