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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 170 Other structural applications of steel Fig. 5.1 Lattice towers: (a) microwave tower. (b), (c) and (d) transmission towers However, the extra cost of the tube and the more complicated connection details can exceed the saving of steel weight and foundations. Connections are usually arranged to allow site bolting and erection of relatively small components. Angles can be cut to length and bolt holes punched by machines a-
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Fig. 5.2 Main bracing arrangements K 'X' 2' as part of the same operation. Where heavy-lift cranes are available much larger segments of a tower can be erected but often even these are site bolted together. Guyed towers provide height at a much lower material cost than self-supporting towers due to the efficient use of high-strength steel in the guys. Guyed towers are normally guyed in three directions over an anchor radius of typically 2 – 3 of the tower height and have a triangular lattice section for the central mast. Tubular masts are also used, especially where icing is very heavy and lattice sections would ice up fully. A typical example of a guyed tower is shown in Fig. 5.3. The range of structural forms is wide and varied. Other examples are illustrated in Figs 5.4 and 5.5. Figure 5.4 is a modular tower arrangement capable of extension for an increased number of antennas. The arrangement shown in Fig. 5.5 is adopted for supporting flare risers where maintenance of the flare tip is carried out at ground level. A significant influence on the economics of tower construction is the method of erection, which should be carefully considered at the design stage. 5.1.3 Environmental loading Towers and masts 171 The primary environmental loads on tower structures are usually due to wind and ice, sometimes in combination. Earthquakes can be important in some parts of the world for structures of high mass, such as water towers. Loading from climatic temperature variations is not normally significant but solar radiation may induce local stresses or cause significant deflections, and temperatures can influence the choice of ancillary materials. Most wind codes use a simple quasi-static method of assessing the wind loads, which has some limitations for calculating the along-wind responses but is adequate for the majority of structures. Tower structures with aerodynamically solid sections and some individual members can be subject to aeroelastic wind forces caused by vortex shedding, galloping, flutter and a variety of other mechanisms which are
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