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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 710 Welds and design for welding deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steel. Classification. BS EN 440, BSI, London. 14. British Standards Institution (1994) Welding consumables. Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting. BS EN 439, BSI, London, 15. British Standards Institution (1995) Welding consumables: Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels: Classification. BS EN 499, BSI, London. 16. British Standards Institution (1997) Welding consumables: Tubular cored electrodes for metal arc welding with and without a gas shield of non-alloy and fine grain steels: Classification. BS EN 758, BSI, London. 17. British Standards Institution (1996) Welding consumables: Wire electrodes and wire-flux combinations for submerged arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels: Classification. BS EN 756, BSI, London. 18. British Standards Institution (1996) Welding consumables. Fluxes for submerged arc welding. Classification. BS EN 760, BSI, London. 19. British Standards Institution (1992) Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials. BS EN 288, BSI, London. 20. British Standards Institution (1992) Approval testing of welders for fusion welding. Steels. BS EN 287-1, BSI, London. 21. The British Constructional Steelwork Association (2002) National structural steelwork specification, 4th edition, BCSA/SCI Ascot. 22. British standards Institution (1991) Welding terms and symbols. Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting. BS 499–1, BSI, London Further reading for Chapter 24 Blodgett, O.W. (1982) Design of Welded Structures, 12th edn. The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Mansfield Road, Aston, Sheffield S31 0BS The Lincoln Electric Company (2000) The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding, 14th edn. The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Mansfield Road, Aston, Sheffield S31 0BS
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Chapter 25 Plate and stiffener elements in connections by BRIAN CHEAL 25.1 Dispersion of load through plates and flanges Where loads (or reactions) are applied to the flanges of beams, columns or girders the web adjacent to the flange must be checked for its local bearing capacity. The effective length of web to be used for checking the bearing capacity is obtained by assuming a dispersion of the load through the plates and flanges. Generally the dispersion to find the stiff bearing length is taken at an angle of 45° through solid material as shown in Fig. 25.1(a) and (b). 1 The dispersion depends upon the local bending resistance of the plate and so the dispersion can only occur when there is some restraint to balance the bending moment. For example, in Fig. 25.1(c) where the loose pack is not symmetrical about the point of application of the load, the 45° dispersion should not be taken through the pack. In the case of a flange which is integral with or is connected to the web a greater angle of dispersion at a slope of 1 : 2.5 to the plane of the flange is allowed. 1 The dispersion of 1 : 2.5, taken to the web-to-flange connection, has been verified by tests with loads applied to columns, remote from the column ends. It can also be established by calculation, assuming that at failure the web crushes and four plastic hinges form in the flange (Fig. 25.2). The theoretical formula that is obtained is given in the draft Eurocode 3: 2 P = ( b + n) t p in which the length due to dispersion (n) is given as (Fig. 25.3): 1 /g 1 yw M1 2 [ ] 1 yf yw a yf 2 2 n= 2T( B/ t) ( p / p ) 1- ( f / p ) where P = crushing resistance of the web, b 1 = length of stiff bearing, t = thickness of web, B = width of flange, but not greater than 25T, T = thickness of flange, p yf = yield stress of flange, p yw = yield stress of web, f a = longitudinal stress in the flange, g M1 = partial safety factor. 1 2 711
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