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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Notes on section dimensions and properties 1159 where I is the second moment of area t is the thickness of section h is the mean perimeter = 2 [(B - t) + (D - t)] - 2 Rc (4 -p) Ah is the area enclosed by mean perimeter = (B - t) (D - t) - Rc 2 (4 - p) B is the breadth of section D is the depth of section Rc is the average of internal and external corner radii. 3.3.3 Torsion modulus constant (C) For circular hollow sections C = 2Z For square and rectangular hollow sections Ê C = J t+ Ë where Z is the elastic modulus and J, t, Ah and h are as defined in section 3.3.2. 3.3.4 Plastic modulus of hollow sections (S) The full plastic modulus (S) is given in the tables. When a member is subject to a combination of bending and axial load the plastic neutral axis shifts. Formulae giving the reduced plastic modulus under combined loading have to be used, which use the parameter n as defined below. F n = ( This is shown in the member capacity tables as F Pz) Ap y 2 h A h ˆ ¯ where F is the factored axial load A is the cross-sectional area py is the design strength of the steel. For square and rectangular hollow sections there is a ‘change’ value of n. Formulae for reduced plastic modulus and ‘change’ value are given below. (1) Circular hollow sections Ê np ˆ Sr = Scos Ë 2 ¯
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 1160 Bolts and welds (2) Square and rectangular hollow sections If the value of n calculated is less than the change value, the plastic neutral axis is in the webs and the formula for lower values of n must be used. If n is greater than the change value, the plastic neutral axis lies in the flange and the formula for higher values of n must be used. Major axis bending: Reduced plastic modulus Change value S S An 2 2 rx = x - 8t for 2tD ( - 2t) n £ A 2 A È2DB ( - t) ˘ Srx = ( 1 - n) + n-1 4( B-t) ÎÍ A ˚˙ for 2tD ( - 2t) n> A Minor axis bending: Reduced plastic modulus Change value S S An 2 2 ry = y - 8t for 2tB ( - 2t) n £ A 2 A È2BD ( - t) ˘ Sry = ( 1 - n) + n-1 4( D-t) ÎÍ A ˚˙ for 2tB ( - 2t) n> A where S, Sx, Sy are the full plastic moduli about the relevant axes A is the gross cross-sectional area D, B and t are as defined in section 3.3.2. 4 Bolts and welds 4.1 Bolt capacities The types of bolts covered are: • Grades 4.6, 8.8 and 10.9, as specified in BS 4190: [13] ISO metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts. • Non-preloaded and preloaded HSFG bolts as specified in BS 4395: [14] High strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers for structural engineering. Part 1: General grade and Part 2: Higher grade. Preloaded HSFG bolts should be tightened to minimum shank tension (Po) as specified in BS 4604. [15] • Countersunk bolts as specified in BS 4933: [16] ISO metric black cup and countersunk bolts and screws with hexagon nuts.
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