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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Further reading for Chapter 6 Further reading 247 Baddoo N.R. & Burgon B.A. (2001) Structural Design in Stainless Steel. The Steel Construction Institute, Ascot, Berks. Dieter G.E. (1988) Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd edn (SI metric edition). McGraw- Hill. Gaskell D. (1981) Introduction to Metallurgical Thermodynamics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York. Honeycombe R.W.K. (1995) Steels: Microstructure and Properties, 2nd edn. Edward Arnold, London. Lancaster J.F. (1987) Metallurgy of Welding, 4th edn. Allen and Unwin. Porter D.A. & Easterling K.F. (2001) Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd edn. Nelson Thomas, Cheltenhum. Smallman R.E. (1999) Modern Physical Metallurgy, 6th edn. Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford. Szekely J. & Themelis N.J. (1971) Rate Phenomena in Process Metallurgy. Wiley.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Chapter 7 Fracture and fatigue by JOHN YATES Structural steelwork is susceptible to several failure processes. The principal amongst these are wet corrosion, plastic collapse, fatigue cracking and rapid fracture, often termed brittle fracture. In this chapter, failure by rapid fracture and fatigue cracking will be discussed. 7.1 Fracture 7.1.1 Introduction The term brittle fracture is used to describe the fast, unstable fractures that occur with very little energy absorption. In contrast, ductile fracture is a relatively slow process that absorbs a considerable amount of energy, usually through plastic deformation. Some metals, such as copper and aluminium, have a crystalline structure that enables them to resist fast fracture under all loading conditions and at all temperatures. This is not the case for many ferrous alloys, particularly structural steels, which can exhibit brittle behaviour at low temperatures and ductile behaviour at higher temperatures. The consequence of a brittle fracture in a structure may be an unexpected, catastrophic failure. An understanding of the fundamentals of this subject is therefore important for all structural engineers. The introduction and development of fracture mechanics technology allows the engineer to examine the susceptibility of steel structures, especially their welded joints, to failure assuming that a defect of a given size is present and knowing the operating conditions. 7.1.2 Ductile and brittle behaviour Ductile fracture is normally preceded by extensive plastic deformation. Ductile fracture is slow, and generally results from the formation and coalescence of voids. These voids are often formed at inclusions due to the large tensile stresses set up at the inclusion/metal interface, as seen in Fig. 7.1(a). Ductile fracture usually goes through the grains but, if the density of inclusions or of pre-existing holes is higher 248
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