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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The <strong>Steel</strong> Construction Institute on 12/2/2007<br />
To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.<strong>org</strong>/<br />
<strong>Steel</strong> <strong>Designers</strong>' <strong>Manual</strong> - 6th Edition (2003)<br />
Further reading 353<br />
Baker J.F., Horne M.R. & Heyman J. (1956) The <strong>Steel</strong> Skeleton, Vol. 2. Cambridge<br />
University Press.<br />
Horne M.R. & Morris L.S. (1981) Plastic Design of Low-Rise Frames. Constrado<br />
Monograph, Collins, London.<br />
Neal B.G. (1977) The Plastic Methods of Structural Analysis, 3rd edn. Chapman &<br />
Hall, London.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The <strong>Steel</strong> Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.<strong>org</strong>/ <strong>Steel</strong> <strong>Designers</strong>' <strong>Manual</strong> - 6th Edition (2003) Further reading 353 Baker J.F., Horne M.R. & Heyman J. (1956) The <strong>Steel</strong> Skeleton, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. Horne M.R. & Morris L.S. (1981) Plastic Design of Low-Rise Frames. Constrado Monograph, Collins, London. Neal B.G. (1977) The Plastic Methods of Structural Analysis, 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall, London.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The <strong>Steel</strong> Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.<strong>org</strong>/ <strong>Steel</strong> <strong>Designers</strong>' <strong>Manual</strong> - 6th Edition (2003) Chapter 12 Applicable dynamics by MICHAEL WILLFORD 12.1 Introduction The dynamic performance of steel structures has traditionally only been an area of interest for special classes of structure, particularly slender wind-sensitive structures (masts, towers and stacks), structures supporting mechanical equipment, offshore structures and earthquake-resistant structures. However, a wider interest in dynamic behaviour has recently come about as a result of the widespread adoption of long span composite floors in buildings, for which vibration criteria must be satisfied. Dynamic loads in structures may arise from a number of sources including the following: Forces generated inside a structure – Machinery – Impacts – Human activity (walking, dancing, etc.) External forces – Wind buffeting and other aerodynamic effects – Waves (offshore structures) – Impacts from vehicles, etc. Ground motions – Earthquakes – Ground-borne vibration due to railways, roads, pile driving, etc. The principal effects of concern are: Strength – The structure must be strong enough to resist the peak dynamic forces that arise. Fatigue – Fatigue cracks can initiate and propagate when large numbers of cycles of vibration inducing significant stress are experienced, leading to reduction in strength and failure. Perception – Human occupants of a building can perceive very low amplitudes of vibration, and, depending on the circumstances, may find vibration objectionable. Certain items of precision equipment are also extremely sensitive to vibration. Perception will generally be the most onerous dynamic criterion in occupied buildings. 354
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