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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 218 Other structural applications of steel 5.5.4 Environmental engineering 5.5.4.1 General There is an intimate relationship between thermal physics, smoke ventilation and structural form in atria, and the design of the larger structural shape is influenced by them. In addition, the materials used will have to meet the fire and physics criteria to perform as required. Environmentally, an atrium can be used as a buffer zone between indoors and outdoors. This zone can be exposed to the external environment, providing protection from wind, rain, sun, etc., and/or a controlled environment similar to the indoor conditions of the building. Important considerations in atrium design include: • Characteristic height for stack ventilation • Areas of glazing – optimization of natural light to the space beneath • Need for temperature-controlled conditions • Risk of condensation (winter) – heated or unheated • Spatial separation (environmentally) from internal spaces • Ventilation manually openable or BMS controlled • BMS ventilation control – temperature or wind direction sensitive • Shading (internal, external), material options • Smoke reservoirs. 5.5.4.2 Shading In the atrium, heat transfer by radiation is important, and shading systems may be required to reduce direct solar radiation and allow diffuse solar radiation for natural light. The type of shading – internal or external – will usually be related to its aesthetics, performance and maintenance costs. Shading can enhance stack effect by absorbing solar heat and contributing to buoyancy driven flows. 5.5.4.3 Ventilation Stack ventilation is used when cross ventilation is not possible and single sided ventilation cannot provide sufficient air change rates. Strong temperature gradients can occur in atria, stack effect being enhanced by wind forces in some cases. Temperature differences can be used both during the day and during the night to enhance night cooling. The atrium needs to extend above the height of the stack so that the neutral
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) pressure level is high enough to provide sufficient driving force to draw air in and out of the building. It may be necessary to add an atrium to an existing building if the shape of the building is outside the limits for cross ventilation (15 m deep).This allows for natural ventilation to all areas, improved natural light penetration and beneficial effects on internal circulation. 5.5.4.4 Smoke Smoke control can require a large space at the top of the atrium to act as a smoke reservoir. This reduces the amount of smoke moving into upper floors and allows for full evacuation of the building. Extraction of toxic gases can be by means of mechanical and/or natural vents located at the top of the atrium. Smoke venting via the atrium can be achieved by taking advantage of the strong buoyancy of smoke, but the use of channelling screens may be necessary. For instance, automatic window or curtain closing on the atrium perimeter can be used as a screen mechanism. References to Chapter 5 References 219 1. British Standards Institution (1986) Lattice towers and masts. Part 1: Code of practice for loading. BS 8100, BSI, London. 2. British Standards Institution (1972) Loading. Chapter V: Part 2: Wind loads. CP3, BSI, London. 3. Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) (1980) Wind Engineering in the Eighties. CIRIA Conference Report 12/13 Nov. 4. Engineering Sciences Data Unit. Wind engineering sub-series (4 volumes). ESDU International, London. 5. Vickery B.J. & Basu R.I. (1983) Across wind vibrations of structures of circular cross section. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 12, 49–97. 6. International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) (1981) IASS Recommendations for Guyed Masts. IASS, Madrid. 7. Nooshin H. & Disney P. (1989) Elements of Formian. Proceedings of 4th Intl Conf. Civ. and Struct. Engng Computing (Ed. by H. Nooshin), pp. 528–32. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. 8. Parke G.A.R. (1990) Collapse analysis and design of double-layer grids. In Studies in Space Structures (Ed. by H. Nooshin), pp. 153–79. Multi-Science Publishers. 9. Gorgolewski M.T., Grubb P.J. & Lawson R.M. (2001) Modular Construction using light steel framing: Design of residential buildings. SCI-P302. The Steel Construction Institute, Ascot, Berks.
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