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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Table 27.2 Embedded lengths of holding-down bolts based on conical pull-out Depth, D (mm) Distance between centres, X (mm) 75 100 125 150 200 225 300 450 600 750 1000 Effective conical surface area (allowing for overlap) (cm2 ) 75 402.1 445.1 479.9 499.8 499.8 499.8 499.8 499.8 499.8 499.8 499.8 100 651.3 714.9 773.2 824.5 888.6 888.6 888.6 888.6 888.6 888.6 888.6 125 955.3 1038.1 1117 1191 1316 1362 1388 1388 1388 1388 1388 150 1315 1416 1514 1608 1780 1855 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 200 2199 2337 2473 2605 2859 2979 3298 3554 3554 3554 3554 225 2724 2880 3034 3186 3479 3619 4006 4498 4498 4498 4498 300 4633 4843 5052 5258 5664 5862 6434 7420 7997 7997 7997 450 9950 10 267 10 583 10 897 11521 11831 12 743 14 476 16 022 17 277 17 994 600 17 266 17 689 18 112 18 533 19 373 19 790 21 032 23 448 25 735 27 837 30 715 750 26 581 27 111 27 640 28 168 29 221 29 746 31 312 34 392 37 371 40 211 44 507 1000 46 550 47 256 47 962 48 667 50 076 50 779 52 882 57 048 61 141 65 134 71 486 Values to the right of the heavy zig-zag line are for two non-intersecting cones Analysis 831
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 832 Foundations and holding-down systems 27.4 Holding-down systems 27.4.1 Holding-down bolts The most generally used holding-down bolts are of grade 4.6 although 8.8 grade are also available (see Table 27.3). They are usually supplied ��¥: square head, square shoulder, round shank, hexagon nut. Each bolt must be provided with an anchor washer (square hole to match the shoulder) or an appropriate anchor frame to embed in the concrete in circumstances of high uplift forces. In such cases the anchor frame may be composed of angles or channels. Typical frames are shown in Fig. 27.15.When long anchors are required a rod threaded at both ends may be used, and in exceptional circumstances when prestressing is required a high tensile rod Table 27.3 Holding-down bolts; tension capacity per pair of bolts Nominal diameter Tensile stress area Bolts grade 4.6@ Bolts grade 8.8@ (mm) (mm 2 ) b 192 N/mm 2 448 N/mm 2 (kN) (kN) M16 314 60.29 140.67 M20 490 94.08 219.52 M22 a 606 116.35 271.49 M24 706 135.55 316.29 M27 a 918 176.26 411.26 M30 1122 215.42 502.66 a Non-preferred size b Tensile stress areas are taken from BS 4190 and BS 3692 I9 angle __— locators — L+_ .— —. independent channels Fig. 27.15 Typical anchorages for holding-down bolts angle or channel
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