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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 684 Bolts References to Chapter 23 1. British Standards Institution (2001) ISO metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts – specification. BS 4190, BSI, London. 2. British Standards Institution (2001) Structural use of steelwork in building. Part 2: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection – Rolled and welded sections. BS 5950-2, BSI, London. 3. British Standards Institution (2001) ISO metric precision hexagon bolts, screws and nuts – specification, BS 3692, BSI, London. 4. British Standards Institution (1999) Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel. Bolts, screws and studs. BS EN ISO 898-1, BSI, London. 5. British Standards Institution (1969) Specification for high-strength friction-grip bolts and associated nuts and washers for structural engineering metric series. Part 1: General grade and Part 2: Higher grade bolts and nuts and general grade washers. BS 4395, BSI, London. 6. British Standards Institution (1970) Specification for the use of high-strength friction-grip bolts in structural steelwork metric series. Part 1: General grade and Part 2: Higher grade. BS 4604, BSI, London. 7. Owens G.W. (1992) Use of fully threaded bolts for connections in structural steelwork for buildings. The Structural Engineer, 1 September, pp. 297–300. 8. Owens G.W. & Cheal B.D. (1989) Structural Steelwork Connections. Butterworths, London. 9. British Standards Institution (2000) Structural use of steelwork in buildings. Part 1: Code of practice for design – Rolled and welded sections. BS 5950-1, BSI, London. 10. British Standards Institution (1968) Specification for metal washers for general engineering purposes metric series. BS 4320, BSI, London. 11. Crawsford S.F. and Kulak G.L. (1971) Eccentrically loaded bolted connections. J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 97, No. ST3, March, 765–83. Further reading for Chapter 23 BCSA (2002) Joints in steel construction. Simple Connections. British Constructional Steelwork Association/The Steel Construction Institute, Publication No. P212. BCSA (2002) National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction, 4th Edn. British Constructional Steelwork Association, Publication No. 203/02. Kulak G.L., Fisher J.W. & Struik J.H.A. (1987) Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Chapter 24 Welds and design for welding by RALPH B. G. YEO and HUBERT BARBER Without welding, even under site conditions, modern buildings and bridges and the most critical of structures, such as offshore platforms and nuclear power stations, could not be constructed. Good designs lead to cost-effective fabrications that can be made to required standards by the use of coordinated specifications, which provide means for quantitative control of weld quality.This chapter briefly discusses the advantages of welding, the means to control weld quality, and some design recommendations. 24.1 Advantages of welding Welding offers many advantages over other joining methods: • Freedom of design, and the opportunity to develop innovative structures • Easy introduction of stiffening elements • Less weight than in bolted joints because fewer plates are required • Welded joints allow increased usable space in a structure • Protection against the effects of fire and corrosion are easier and more effective. 24.1.1 Aesthetics and freedom of design Probably the main benefit of welded construction is the freedom of design, compared with bolted joints. Some important types of structure, such as orthotropic bridge decks, Vierendeel trusses, tubular frames, tapered beams, and even most T-joints, could not be made as easily by any other method. Welded joints allow more freedom in the use of rolled shapes, high strength steels, and corrosionresistant steels. Provided that the joints are made using appropriate materials and practices, designers should feel free to develop structures that are aesthetic as well as functional. Hollow sections, both rectangular and circular, can sensibly be joined only by welding, even if the final connection is by bolting. 685
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