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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 6 Single-storey buildings they can support local loads and satisfy drainage requirements. The regime is therefore for the loads to be transferred from the sheeting on to the purlins and rails, which in turn must be supported on a primary structure. Figure 1.4 shows the simplest possible type of structure with vertical columns and a horizontal spanning beam. There is a need for a fall in the roof finish to provide drainage, but for small spans the beam can be effectively horizontal with the fall being created in the finishes or by a nominal slope in the beam. The minimum slope is also a function of weatherproofing requirements of the roof material. The simple form shown would be a mechanism unless restraint to horizontal forces is provided. This is achieved either by the addition of bracing in both plan and vertical planes or by the provision of redundancies in the form of momentresisting joints.The important point is that all loads must be transmitted to the foundations in a coherent fashion even in the simplest of buildings, whatever their size. The range of frame forms is discussed in more detail in later sections but Fig. 1.5 shows the structural solutions commonly used.The most common is the portal shape with pinned bases, although this gives a slightly heavier frame than the fixed-base option. The overall economy, including foundations, is favourable. The portal form is both functional and economic with overall stability being derived from the provision of moment-resisting connections at eaves and apex. The falls required to the roof are provided naturally with the cladding being carried on purlins, which in turn are supported by the main frame members. Architectural pressures have led to the use of flatter slopes compatible with weathertightness; the most common is around 6°, but slopes as low as 1° are used, which means deflection control is increasingly important. Traditionally, portal frames have been fabricated from compact rolled sections and designed plastically. More recently the adoption of automated welding techniques has led to the introduction of welded tapered frames, which have been extensively used for many years in the USA. For economy these frames have deep slender sections and are designed elastically. In addition to material economies, the benefit is in the additional stiffness and reduced deflections. Although the portal form is inherently pleasing to the eye, given a well-proportioned and detailed design, the industrial connotation, together with increased Fig. 1.4 Simplest single-storey structure
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) Fig. 1.5 A range of structural forms service requirements, has encouraged the use of lattice trusses for the roof structure. They are used both in the simple forms with fixed column bases and as portal frames with moment-resisting connections between the tops of the columns for long-span structures such as aircraft hangars, exhibition halls and enclosed sports facilities. 1.2.4 Resistance to sway forces Anatomy of structure 7 Most of the common forms provide resistance to sidesway forces in the plane of the frame. It is essential also to provide resistance to out-of-plane forces; these are usually transmitted to the foundations with a combination of horizontal and vertical girders. The horizontal girder in the plane of the roof can be of two forms as shown in Fig. 1.6. Type (a) is formed from members, often tubes, capable of carrying tension or compression. One of the benefits is in the erection stage as the braced bay can be erected first and lined and levelled to provide a square and safe springboard for the erection of the remainder.
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