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This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 680 Bolts ured along the line of the resultant is less than twice the diameter of the bolt. In this case the bearing strength is reduced in proportion. 23.5 Design strengths 23.5.1 General Non-preloaded bolts have to resist forces in shear and bearing or tension or combinations of these. Preloaded HSFG bolts resist shear by developing friction between the plies; they may also resist external tension. The load capacity of a joint may be affected if it is excessively long, has a large grip length or thickness of packing, or is subjected to prying action. 23.5.2 Shear When partially threaded bolts are loaded in shear some of the threads of the bolt may lie within the shear plane. The shear strength is then assessed on the tensile area of the bolt. If however it is known with certainty that no part of the threaded section of the bolt will fall within the shear plane the full shank area may be used in determining the strength. Until a preloaded HSFG bolted shear connection slips, shear force is resisted by friction. The slip resistance, PsL, is given by PsL = 1.1 Ks m P0 where Ks = 1.0 for clearance holes; = 0.85 for oversized holes, short slotted holes or long slotted holes loaded perpendicular to the slot direction; = 0.7 for long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot direction m = slip factor from BS 5950-1 Table 35 or determined from tests in accordance with BS 4604. Depending on the condition of the faying surfaces m varies from 0.2 to 0.5. P0 = the minimum shank tension as specified in BS 4604. If the connection is required to be non-slip under factored loads, PsL = 0.9 Ks m P0 BS 5950-1:2000 clause 6.4.2 makes reference to waisted-shank HSFG bolts. These are no longer used and the relevant standard has been withdrawn.
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Reproduced under licence from The Steel Construction Institute on 12/2/2007 To buy a hardcopy version of this document call 01344 872775 or go to http://shop.steelbiz.org/ Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003) 23.5.3 Bearing Non-preloaded bolts In cases where the strength is assessed from the bearing of the bolt on one of the connected parts it is necessary to limit the bearing strength in accordance with the end distance requirements. For end distances between the minimum (1.4D) and the minimum value for full bearing (2.0D) the bearing value is proportional to the end distance. Preloaded HSFG bolts After slip has occurred an HSFG bolt acts in shear and bearing. When the end distance is at least three times the nominal diameter of the bolt, the bearing strengths, pbg, given in Table 32 of BS 5950-1:2000 are 460, 550 and 670 N/mm 2 for S275, S355 and S460 steel, respectively. This is a condition which can only apply after joint slip has occurred, and the joint is beyond the serviceability limit. 23.5.4 Tension When bolts are loaded in tension additional axial forces are sometimes induced due to prying action. In some circumstances these may be allowed for by reducing the nominal tension capacity of a bolt by 20% (see BS 5950-1 clause 6.3.4.2). In other cases, the prying force should be calculated and the total applied tension in the bolt should be compared with its capacity (clause 6.3.4.3). It is permissible to subject HSFG bolts complying with Part 1 of BS 4395 to externally applied tension. Fasteners to Part 2 of that standard however should not be required to carry external tension. 23.5.5 Combined shear and tension Non-preloaded bolts which are subject to both tension and shear should satisfy one of the following relationships depending on how prying forces have been accounted for: – for the simple method Fs Ft + £14 . P P s nom Design strengths 681
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