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Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition (2003)
steel sheet piles can be obtained to grades S390GP and S430GP (yield strengths
390 N/mm 2 and 430 N/mm 2 respectively).
29.2.4 Design
29.2.4.1 Design standards
There is no single code of practice for retaining wall design, nor is there likely to
be in the future. The principal national standards/guidance associated with the
design of retaining walls are:
BS 8002 Code of practice for earth retaining structures 8
CP2 Code of practice No 2: Earth retaining structures 26
CIRIA Report 104 Design of retaining walls embedded in stiff clays 27
BS 8002 8 is a complete revision of the Civil Engineering Code of Practice No 2,
which was issued by the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1951 on behalf of the
Civil Engineering Codes of Practice Joint Committee. However, in certain situations
reference is still made to CP2.
CIRIA Report 104 (1984) 27 was adopted as an unofficial design standard before
the publication of BS 8002 and is still widely used today due to familiarity. CIRIA
104 does not address multi-prop walls, but its principle of factoring soil strength has
been used in analyses of such walls by deformation methods. CIRIA 104 is currently
being updated and will be published as CIRIA Report 629 in 2003. 28
Recently, numerous CEN ‘pre-standard’ Eurocodes have become available. The
Design Eurocodes provide a set of design principles and application rules that are
‘deemed to satisfy’ the principles. They use a limit state design basis and a partial
factor approach.
DD ENV 1997-1 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – General rules 1995 7
ENV 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 5: Piling 3
To complement the Eurocodes, there are a number of CEN ‘execution’ standards
which relate to the installation and construction of the works. The standard most
relevant to sheet piles is EN 12063: Execution of special works – Sheet pile walls. 29
29.2.4.2 Limit state design philosophy
Sheet piles 887
Limit state design philosophy is now generally accepted for structural design in the
UK and Europe. The old working stress design methods are being replaced by limit
state methods.