axali da uaxlesi istoria
axali da uaxlesi istoria
axali da uaxlesi istoria
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elene gogiaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
gveleSapi <strong>da</strong> misi ilustraciebi wm. ioane sinelis<br />
`klemaqsis~ XII saukunis garejul xelnawerSi<br />
wm. ioane sinelis `klemaqsis~ garejuli xelnaweri (H-1669) 1 yuradRebas iqcevs naxatebiT,<br />
romelic ga<strong>da</strong>mweris mier aris Sesrulebuli arSiebze. yvela gamosaxuleba 2<br />
Sinaarsobrivad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia teqstTan, magram isini ar warmoadgenen tradiciul miniaturebs,<br />
arc saze<strong>da</strong>o asoebisa <strong>da</strong> kamarebis moxatulobebs, riTac Cveulebriv gaformebulia<br />
Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xelnawerebi. ga<strong>da</strong>mweris naxatebi Sesrulebis teqnikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, xalxur xelovnebas miekuTvneba.<br />
xelnaweris arSiebze gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs zoomorful figurebs: frinvelebs<br />
(158v, 164v, 175v), gveleSapebs (49v, 137r, 145r), irems (200r), Tevzebs (187v, 196r), kirCxibs (174r) <strong>da</strong><br />
Txisrqebian fantastikur arsebas `vac-kacs~ (159r). yovel figuraSi wvrilad Cawerilia ZiriTad<br />
teqstTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli SeniSvnebi.<br />
wm. ioane sinelis `klemaqsi~ 1160 wlis axlo xanebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wera wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejis<br />
monasterSi moRvawe profesionalma kaligrafma nikoloz nikraÁm. gar<strong>da</strong> am xelnawerisa,<br />
mas 1160 wels ga<strong>da</strong>werili aqvs krebuli `sanatreli~ 3 , romelSic Tavmoyrilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
xasiaTis Tormeti Txzuleba 4 (saistorio-qronografiuli traqtati `mcire vasilografi~,<br />
bibliuri sakiTxavi `qeba qebaTaÁ~, apokrifuli teqsti `wm. nisimes cxovreba~,<br />
dogmatur-polemikuri traqtati `wvalebisa winamZRuarTa SeCuenebaÁ~ 5 <strong>da</strong> sxva).<br />
nikoloz nikraÁs Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri informacia mogvepoveba. Ven.4-isa <strong>da</strong> H-1669-<br />
is ga<strong>da</strong>mweris igiveoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>weris adgili _ gareji sabolood <strong>da</strong>adgina istorikosma<br />
T. jojuam am xelnawerTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze. manve<br />
<strong>da</strong>asabuTa, rom `nikraÁ~ ga<strong>da</strong>mweris narTauli zedwodebaa. mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, `nikoloz<br />
nikraÁ giorgi III-is gamefebis uSualo momswre <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, TviTmxilvelic<br />
kia. mefis aRsaydrebasa <strong>da</strong> xelnaweris ga<strong>da</strong>weras Soris sxvaoba mxolod sami welia. meorec,<br />
nikoloz nikraÁ garejSi moRvawe mwignobaria, aqauri savaneebi ki am dros ukve<br />
samefo monastrebs warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad, garejeli moweseebisa <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris,<br />
Ven.4-is ga<strong>da</strong>mwerisaTvis samefiskaro peripetiebi kargad un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo cnobili~ 6 .<br />
nikoloz nikraÁs kaligrafiul profesionalizms maRali Sefaseba misca v. beriZem,<br />
xolo mis naxatebs „xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebi“ uwo<strong>da</strong>. maTi mniSvnelobac pirvelad<br />
v. beriZem aRniSna: `am ucnauri wignis furclebze TiTqos xalxuri zRaprebis fantazia<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxuri iumoric kia SemoWrili~ 7 . ga<strong>da</strong>mweris naxatebi am xelnaweris arSiebze<br />
marTlac SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes, rogorc qarTuli zRapris personaJebis ilustraciis<br />
iSviaTi nimuSebi. v. beriZis SeniSvniT, `iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba xelnaweri, romelSiac<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mweris individualoba ase mkafiod, uSualod <strong>da</strong> gulubryvilod Candes~ 8 , `gverdebis<br />
gaformeba dinamikuria, nikraÁ TiTqos sul ver eguebo<strong>da</strong> verafers mSvidsa <strong>da</strong><br />
statikurs~ 9 ; `kaligrafis naweri mowmobs, rom igi didi temperamentisa <strong>da</strong> fantaziis<br />
patroni un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, Tanac, mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar <strong>da</strong>udev<strong>da</strong> sayovelTaod miRebul we-<br />
1 inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.<br />
2 es naxatebi ar aris arc saero <strong>da</strong> arc religiuri Sinaarsis miniaturebi, aramed mxolod Savi <strong>da</strong><br />
wiTeli melniT moxazuli konturebi, romlebSic teqstis gareT gamotanili minawerebia moTavsebuli.<br />
3 inaxeba venis nacionaluri biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerTa fondSi nomriT Ven.4.<br />
4 T. jojua, wmin<strong>da</strong> mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe <strong>da</strong> 1160 wels garejSi ga<strong>da</strong>werili erTi ucnobi xelnaweri,<br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, V (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 91-147.<br />
5 teqsti srulad aris gamoqveynebuli. ix. T. jojua, XII saukunis garejul krebulSi (Ven.4-Si) <strong>da</strong>culi er-<br />
Ti dogmatikur-polemikuri traqtatis Sesaxeb (wvalebisa winamZRuarTa SeCuenebaÁ), istoriul eTnografiuli<br />
Studiebi, VII (Tbilisi, 2003), gv. 54-113.<br />
6 T. jojua, saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi 1160 wels garejSi ga<strong>da</strong>werili xelnaweris<br />
(Ven.4-is) anderZis mixedviT, oCxari, j. ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri, istoriuli <strong>da</strong> filologiuri<br />
Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 516.<br />
7 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi (Tbilisi, 1967), gv. 194.<br />
8 iqve, gv. 194.<br />
9 iqve.<br />
436
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