axali da uaxlesi istoria
axali da uaxlesi istoria
axali da uaxlesi istoria
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ciqulis sityvebs: `vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi uxilavi, misi maradiuli Zala <strong>da</strong> RvTaeba soflis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n<br />
qmnilebaTa xilviT Seimecneba~ (rom. 1,20). grigol noseli, grigol nazianzeli,<br />
ioane oqropiri <strong>da</strong> netari avgustine aseT naperwkals weliwadis aRniSnul monakve-<br />
TSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven. wm. grigol noseli, basili didis Zma, ambobs: am dRes `naTelsa <strong>da</strong> dResa<br />
Seematebis <strong>da</strong> Ramesa moakldebis. <strong>da</strong> amiTca Cas, viTarmed SobaÁ qristÀsi oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa<br />
dekenbersa ars~ (gv. 70). aqe<strong>da</strong>n cxadia: qriste im dRes <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>, rodesac yvelaze didi<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelaze grZeli Rame poziciebs Tmobs <strong>da</strong> isari dRis sasargeblod ixreba (astronomiuli<br />
wlis am monakveTs `mzebudoba~ ewodeba, rac niSnavs: mze budeSia, <strong>da</strong>budebulia.<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi am dRes, qarTuli folkloruli tradiciis Tanaxmad, verZis sam naxtoms<br />
akeTebs 1 ).<br />
arc is faqtia SemTxveviTi, rom ioane naTlismcemeli, Zveli aRTqmis ukanaskneli winaswarmetyveli,<br />
25 ivniss iSva. <strong>da</strong> ratom mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc am dRes? netari avgustine, iponiis<br />
episkoposi (`agÂstinos, episkoposi afrikeTisaÁ~), ambobs: `ori jeri ars mzisa qcevaÁ weliwadsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sworebaÁ dReTaÁ. erTi ese qcevaÁ dRes ars, oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa ivnissa, <strong>da</strong> erT igi<br />
qcevaÁ TTuesa dekenbersa oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa~ (gv. 70). am wmin<strong>da</strong> mamis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, 25 ivnisi<br />
weliwadis is dRea, rodi<strong>da</strong>nac sinaTle klebas iwyebs, Rame ki _ matebas. igive moZRvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>sZens: `iovanÀs SobaÁ dReTa moklebasa iyo, xolo qristÀsi dReTa aRmatebasa; <strong>da</strong> amas<br />
iovane TÂT ityÂs viTarmrd: Cem<strong>da</strong> jer ars moklebaÁ, xolo misa aRmatebaÁ~ (ioane 3,30). es<br />
niSnavs (Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT): Zveli aRTqma <strong>da</strong> Zveli aRTqmis mze Caesvena, <strong>axali</strong><br />
aRTqma <strong>da</strong> <strong>axali</strong> aRTqmis mze ki amobrwyin<strong>da</strong>. am movlenis Sinaarss yvelaze zustad wm. ioane<br />
oqropiris cnobili sityvebi miesa<strong>da</strong>geba: `xairete kai palin legw xairete~ (`gixarodeT! <strong>da</strong>,<br />
kvlavac getyviT, gixarodeT!~).<br />
am SemTxvevaSic SegviZlia, rom esoden avtoritetul Sexedulebebsa <strong>da</strong> poziciebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki ioane oqropiris qa<strong>da</strong>gebas, Sobis kanoni anu, igive, Sobis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
vuwodoT.<br />
kalendris arseba.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, ori mTavari qristianuli dResaswaulis warmoSobisa <strong>da</strong> ganvi-<br />
Tarebis <strong>istoria</strong> TviTmyofadi gziT, astronomiuli kalendrisagan <strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kalen<strong>da</strong>rmcodneobisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad warimarTa. saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, rogorc aseTi, iTvaliswinebs<br />
astronomiul realiebs, romlebic yvelgan erTi <strong>da</strong> igivea.<br />
amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT: kalendris reforma, romelic romis papis, grigor XIIIis,<br />
iniciativiT <strong>da</strong> ganCinebiT (buliT) ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, arsiT saero movlenas warmoadgens,<br />
radgan misi mizani drois aRricxvis sistemaSi anu teqnikur qronologiaSi koreqturiT<br />
Semoifargla. amis gamo igi ara sakralurs, aramed sekularul sferos ganekuTvneba.<br />
am reformis Sedegad saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xsenebis<br />
dReTa <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulTa ganawesSi araviTari cvlileba ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. piriqiT: am reformis<br />
wyalobiT xsenebis dReebi <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebi maTTvis ZvelTaganve miCenil astronomiul<br />
dReebs <strong>da</strong>ubrundnen, saxeldobr _ Soba zamTris mzebudobis mesame dRes,<br />
aRdgoma ki gazafxulis buniobis pirveli savsemTvaris Sesabamis kviras.<br />
<strong>axali</strong> stilis kalendris <strong>istoria</strong>.<br />
imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom aRniSnuli reforma konfesiur Sinaarss ar Seicav<strong>da</strong>, mas didi<br />
winaaRmdegoba Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am winaaRmdegobas metwilad konfesiuri Seferiloba hqon<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
papis mier dekretirebuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri pirvel rigSi protestantul qveynebSi uaryves. yvelaze<br />
cxare diskusiebi bikonfesiur <strong>da</strong>saxlebebSi gaimarTa. kalendris safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam,<br />
magaliTad, auqsburgSi 1582 wels samoqalaqo omis zrvars miaRwia 3 . romis<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> imperiis `evangelizebul teritoriebze~ grigoriseuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri mxolod 1700<br />
wels, reformis <strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n 118 wlis Semdeg, SemoiRes. Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi<br />
es reforma kidev ufro gvian ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>: inglissa <strong>da</strong> SvedeTSi _ 1752-1753<br />
1 v. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, I (axalwlis cikli) (Tbilisi, 1939), gv. 46.<br />
2 Herzog (Hrsg.) M., Der Streit um die Zeit: Zustimmung-Kalenderreform-Gegenzeit-Endzeit (Stuttgart, 2002), 11-19.<br />
3 Smolinsky H., Deutungen der Zeit im Streit der Konfessionen. Kontroverse-Theologie, Apokalyptik und Astrologie im 16. Jahrhundert<br />
(Heidelberg, 2000), 19; Wallenta W., Der Augsburger Kalenderstreit von 1583\84: Ökumenische, politische und konfessionelle Gründe, in: M.<br />
Herzog, 125-138.<br />
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