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62 DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE XL Plate x]. illustrates in a striking manner well-marked resemblances in inorganic and organic structures as regards longitudinal cleavage and transverse cleavage or segmentation. Fig. J.— Photograph of Fingal's Cave, Staffa, in the west of Soothxnd. Consists of vertical basaltic columns largely hexagonal in shape. They ave separated transversely at short intervals as in a vertebral column. Fig. 2.— Photiigraph of portion of the Giant's CaiLseway in the north of Ireland. The columns resemble those found in Fingal's Cave (Fig. 1 of this Plate). Figs. 1 and 2 of this Plate show the longitudinal and transverse cleavages in Plutonic rooks to perfection. Similar cleavages are seen in hydrated starch (I'^ig. .3 of this Plate). They greatly resemble the cleavages observed in plants and animals, especially the latter (Figs. .5, 6, 7, and 8 of this Plate), and point to a law of development or differentiation common to the inorganic and organic kingdoms (the Author). Fig. 3.— Pentagonal and hexagonal prismatic columns resembling those found in Fingal's Cave and the Giant's Causeway, produced artificially by evaporating and desiccating a fluid mixture of starch (the Author). Fiu. 4.—Fossil coral (Lithostrotion hasaltifonne) found in England, Ireland, Russia, Io«-a, and westward of the Mississippi (D. D. Owen). Shows beautiful prismatic, hexagonal columns, wonderfully reseiriljliug the basaltic rock columns found in Fingal's Cave and Giant's Causeway (Figs. 1 and 2 of this Plate), which I have shown can be produced artificially (Pig. 3 of this Plate). Fig. 5.—Fin or wing of the sturgeon (Acipeiiser), (after Giinther). Displays well-marked longitudinal cleavage with a certain amount of transverse cleavage, c, e, d, Root and thick, tapering semi-rigid margin of fin ; /, thin, elastic margin of fin. The triangular shape and graduated structure of the fin furnish the type for all propelling fins and wings—fins and wings having much in common, the latter being larger. Fig. 6.—Fore-limb of Ceratodus, a member of a family of very ancient fishes, dating back to the Triassic and Jurassic eras, and still surviving in Australian waters (after Giinther), Shows typical radiating, branching, segmented arrangements. The fore-limb forms a paddle rather than a fin or wing. It is not graduated, as in Fig. 5, to form a ]jropelIing organ. «, h, Root of fore-limb ; c, broad basal cartilage supporting tapering segmented axis and diverging rays ; d, tip of fore-limb ; e, anterior, and /, posterior margins of same. Fig. 7.—Trilobite (llomulonotus delphinocepludas), (after Nicholson). Shows transverse cleavage or segmentation. Fig. 8.—Human vertebral column or backbone (after Holden). Shows branching and typical transverse cleavage or segmentation. Compare with Fig. 7 of this Plate, and with the figures of Plate xxxix. The alternating curves presented by the backbone form a veritable line of beauty. Fig. 9.—A young coral {Luusdaleia flun'/ormix) with buds or corallites on the disc, illustrating calycular gemmation (M. Edwards). HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES In the United Kingdom and in almost every country in Europe igneous rocks occur. They do not necessarily form hills with cones and craters indicating their origin. Thus the rocks of Stafia in Scotland and the Giant's Causeway in Ireland are called basalt, and are known to be volcanic, as they agree in their columnar prismatic structure and mineral composition with the lava which has flowed from the craters of volcanoes. The remarkable structure of these rocks is supposed to be due to shrinkage and consohdation on coohng. Similar columnar prismatic structures are produced when a mixture of hydrated starch is slowly dried off in the sun or in an oven. In both cases the columns, generally pentagonal or hexagonal in shape, are divided transversely at more or less regular intervals.^ I direct attention to the basaltic prismatic columns as the longitudinal and transverse cleavages and hexagonal outline which they reveal re-appear in many living plant and animal structures. The longitudinal and transverse cleavages are seen in the Equisetacea), in cones and branches among plants, and in the segmented animals with limbs, bronchial tubes, &c. The hexagonal formations are witnessed in epithelial and liver cells, in scales and coverings, in transverse sections of fascicuh of muscle, in the enamel of teeth, in the honeycomb, in old-world corals, &c. A familar and striking example {Eunomia radiata) occurs in the coralline limestones. This is found in the Great OCihte, near Bath, where it is very conspicuous ; single individuals forming masses several feet in diameter, and which probably required centuries for their formation. Another good example (Favosites cervicornis) is met with in large numbers in the Devonian and Silurian groups, in the great limestones of Plymouth and Torbay. An ' The I'ollowiug is the account given of these curious and interesting structures by Sir Charles Lyell : " One of the characteristic forms of voletuiic rocks, especially of ba.salt, is the colunuiar, whei-e large masses are divided into regular prisms, sometimes easily separable, but in other eases adhering firndy together. Tlie colunuis vary in the number of angles, from three to twelve ; but they have most commonly from five tn seven aides. They are often divided transversely, at nearly equal distances, like the joints in a vertebral column, as in the (Uant's Causeway in Ireland. Tliey vaiy exceedingly in resjject to length and diameter. Dr. MacCuUoch mentiims some in Skyc which are about 400 feet long ; othei's, in Morveu, not exceeding an inch. In regard to diameter, those of Ailsa measure 9 feet, and those of Morven an inch or less. They are usually straight, but sometimes curved ; and examples of both these occur in the island of Statfa. In a horizontal bed or sheet of trap the colunuis are vertical ; in a vertical dike they are horizontal."
HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATION Fig. 1. PLATE XL L^^S&I: ^^^1^ Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. /• Fig. 8. Fiu. G c--- Fro. 5.
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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Page 49 and 50: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
Page 51 and 52: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 53 and 54: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 55 and 56: VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
Page 57 and 58: ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
Page 59 and 60: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
Page 61 and 62: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
Page 63 and 64: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
Page 67 and 68: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
Page 69 and 70: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
Page 71 and 72: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
Page 73 and 74: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
Page 75 and 76: CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
Page 77 and 78: RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
Page 83 and 84: 1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
Page 85 and 86: § 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
Page 87 and 88: VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 89 and 90: DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 95 and 96: VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 97 and 98: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 99: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 103 and 104: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
Page 105 and 106: CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
Page 107 and 108: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 109 and 110: CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
Page 111 and 112: RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
Page 113 and 114: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 115 and 116: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 119 and 120: VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
Page 123 and 124: TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
Page 125 and 126: j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
Page 127 and 128: vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
Page 129 and 130: RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
Page 131 and 132: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
Page 133 and 134: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
Page 135 and 136: THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
Page 137 and 138: SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
Page 139 and 140: ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
Page 141 and 142: UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
Page 143 and 144: force is so feeble that the chain o
Page 145 and 146: FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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Page 149 and 150: THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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