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364 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
instance conditioned. The perfected plant and animal exist potentially in the male and female elements, the con-<br />
iunction of which produces the new being. There is no such thing as chance in the development of any part of a<br />
plant or animal. The end is seen from the beginning, and the atoms, molecules, and soft and hard parts of every<br />
organism arrange themselves according to law and order, and according to a fixed plan which is never departed from.<br />
Growth cannot, under natural conditions, act by chance or in a haphazard way. Plants and animals m growing<br />
follow the lead of their progenitors. Some grow in straight hues and radiate like certain crystals ; others grow<br />
in curves ; others in spirals. As a rule, plants and animals are symmetrical : symmetry of itself impUes design.<br />
But (and this is the remarkable thing) the symmetrical plants and animals repeat and slavishly copy the general<br />
form and peculiarities of their parents.<br />
§ 69. Design as seen in the Gradation of Plants and Animals, and in the Arrangements for Walking,<br />
Swimming, and Flying.<br />
Another subject having an obvious bearing on the question of evolution considered from the developmental<br />
and morphological point of view is the appearance on the earth, according to the geological record, of the more<br />
simple before the more complex plants and animals. While fully recognising the gradual differentiation which<br />
characterises the development of man and the higher animals in utero, and the existence of the simple animals at<br />
a period anterior to the advent of complex ones, I cannot admit that the higher forms are the Uneal descendants<br />
of the lower forms in the evolutionary sense. In other words, I am not disposed to regard man as the product of<br />
a mollusc even if unlimited modification and unlimited time be granted. Siich an assumption (and evolution must<br />
always remain an assumption) is, it appears to me, derogatory to the stupendous powers inhering in the Omnipresent<br />
Framer and Upholder of the universe. Evolution imphes an ascent from a lower to a higher type, from<br />
an imperfect to a more perfect form, by a continuous process of development. In nature, however, there is not a<br />
perfectly uniform advance. On the contrary there is, at times, a deterioration ; the plants and animals retrograding.<br />
This is the case in many parasites. But apart from advance and retrogression, it cannot for a moment be doubted<br />
that the Great First Cause would have had no more difficulty in creating a highly complex organism than a simple<br />
one. Evohition is not necessarily a part of the scheme of creation as we know it. All things are possible with<br />
the great " I am." Time, space, and matter are equally at His disposal. He commits no mistakes. The Ancient<br />
of Days has nothing to learn. His works were as perfect at the dawn of creation as they are now, and no good<br />
reason can be assigned why the higher animals, and even man, should not have appeared on the earth in as perfect<br />
a condition as we now behold them.<br />
The existence of an Omnipresent Deity is, however, not excluded even by evolution. Nothing can be evolved<br />
which is not previously involved, so that evolution in its widest and most philosophic sense requires a First Cause<br />
and a pre-existing state of things. Further, the great Designer could with equal facility have furnished the world<br />
with its existing and pre-existing races of plants and animals by a series of separate creations according to types,<br />
or He could have impressed upon living matter (plant and animal) at the outset those tendencies which would<br />
inevitably result in a state of things identical with that which exists now and has existed from all time. In either<br />
case creation would be a progressive work. The world and all it contains is possible on either supposition.<br />
The creation, at different periods, of advancing types, and a continuous evolution from lower to higher forms<br />
may both be explained by design and a pre-arranged plan. In either case a common idea runs through the whole.<br />
The plan adopted in the construction of plants does not essentially differ from that adopted in the construc-<br />
tion of animals, and both more or less closely resemble in their external configuration and general arrangements<br />
similar plans met with in the physical universe and in the mineral Idngdom. The plans referred to provide the<br />
original stellar, dendritic, spiral, circular, and other forms with which botanists, zoologists, anatomists, and<br />
physiologists are famihar. Nor will this occasion surprise when it is remembered that plants and animals are the<br />
direct product of the mineral kingdom, plus life ; the elements which form the bodies of plants and animals being<br />
in every instance supplied by the physical universe. Further, the same elements, to a large extent, enter into the<br />
bodies of plants and animals alike. If, however, plants and animals are the offspring, so to speak, of the physical<br />
universe, it is plain that the organic and inorganic kingdoms must have much in common, and be amenable to the<br />
same laws, and so it is in reality. All Hving things, plants and animals aUke, are of the earth earthy, in the sense<br />
that the elements which form their bodies come from, and ultimately return to, the physical universe. In this is<br />
to be found an explanation of the fact, that crystals and dendrites resemble each other, that plants resemble crystals<br />
and dendrites, and that animals resemble plants, crystals, and dendrites respectively.<br />
The symmetry and the repetition of parts which characterise crystals and dendrites reappear in both the vegetable<br />
and animal kingdoms. This was to be expected, as the articulata foreshadow the vertebrata, and even the highest