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90 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
theless greatly resemble each other, as witness the tooth of the labyrinthodon, brain coral, and human brain, all<br />
of which are curiously convoluted ; also Venus's flower-basket (Euplectella), which presents an intricate arrangement<br />
of interlacing spiral fibres not unhke that found in the ventricles of the heart of the bird and mammal.<br />
9. That crystals, plants, and animals are, for the most part, symmetrical ; the symmetry being due to the<br />
radiating, branching, and concentric arrangements of the atoms and molecules, which act in specific directions according<br />
to fixed laws.<br />
10. That the atoms combine to form structures with plane, curved, and spiral surfaces, and that these are<br />
found in great plenty in the inorganic and organic kingdoms, as witness angular crystals, dendrites, spheres of all<br />
kinds, twining plants, spiral shells, spiral nerves, spiral bones, spiral horns, spiral teeth, &c.<br />
11. That the spiral formations seen in plants and animals are accompanied in many cases by spiral movements,<br />
and that these movements have their analogues in nebular eddies, cyclones, spiral sand-storms, spiral water-spouts,<br />
whirlpools, &c.<br />
12. That the spiral movements in the higher animals play a prominent part in walking, swimming, and flying.<br />
13. That the spiral movements are fundamental, and intimately associated with the distribution of matter,<br />
as seen in the formation of nebular, air, and water vortices ; in the formation of cells and spiral structures in plants ;<br />
and in the formation of spiral horns, teeth, bones, muscles, and other parts of animals.<br />
13 (a). That the spiral arrangements make their appearance at the very threshold of existence in plants and<br />
animals.<br />
14. That force and growth act in the same direction, on parallel lines, and to given ends ; the inorganic and<br />
organic kingdoms being complemental and interacting.<br />
15. That no part of nature is at war with any other part ; all plants and animals coming from and returning<br />
to the inorganic kingdom ; and all force, physical, vital, and mental, being under divine guidance, and working<br />
harmoniously to produce the existing state of things.<br />
16. That everything, objective and subjective, points to design, law, and order, and supreme intelligence ; intel-<br />
ligence being always present and adapting the means to the ends.<br />
17. That the intelhgence is, in every instance, either in the thing acting or behind it, and that nothing occurs<br />
by accident or chance.<br />
18. That there is no such thing as spontaneous generation or life de novo, and that living plants and animals<br />
are created things and only beget themselves, each after its kind.<br />
The points here indicated have now to be considered somewhat in detail.<br />
As explained in the opening sentences of the work, atoms and molecules for the most part display a tendency<br />
to dispose themselves in straight hues or in curves, the curves forming circles and spirals, especially the latter. As<br />
a consequence, growth and development in the organic and inorganic kingdoms proceed in one or other of the<br />
directions indicated.<br />
The straight-line formations produce bodies bounded by plane surfaces ; the curve formations producing spheres<br />
and spiral structures and modifications thereof. The straight-line formations are represented by crystals of every<br />
form and variety, crystallites, and dendrites ; the latter branching and assuming a characteristic tree shape.<br />
Crystals are formed by aggregations of atoms and molecules ; the additions, as a rule, being made in straight lines,<br />
and giving rise to plane surfaces, which, in many cases, result in the most exquisite symmetric forms. Very<br />
frequently they occasion radiating or stellate arrangements.<br />
The curve formations, as stated, are represented by spheres and modifications of spheres, where the atoms<br />
and molecules combine to form bodies having concentric arrangements ; the additions being made in successive<br />
curved layers. Beautiful examples of straight-Une formations are seen in the crystals of snow, and of associated<br />
straight-line and curve formations in the crystals and conglomerations of hail.<br />
The spiral formations of the physical universe are seen in spiral nebular arrangements, in whirlwinds and spiral<br />
sand-storms, in whirlpools and spiral water-spouts, &c. In all these cases, the atoms, molecules, and bodies concerned<br />
are arranged spirally. The straight-line, curved, circular, and spiral formations obtain also in plants and animals<br />
The globular, rod-hke, and spiral structures are seen in the very beginnings of hfe, in the reproductive elements<br />
of plants and animals, and in the very lowest living forms, for example, cocci, bacilli, and spirilla, measuring from<br />
the yoVo to the 2i;Vu<br />
of an inch in diameter. Examples of the straight-line arrangements are met with in the<br />
stems, roots, branches, and other parts of plants. Examples of curve formations are to be seen in the concentric<br />
arrangements (rings of growth) in the stems of plants and trees and examples ; of spiral arrangements occur in<br />
the twisted stems of chmbing plants, tendrils, &c. Twisted stems are not uncommon also in forest trees Trees<br />
and plants split up and branch after the manner of dendrites. They thus combine, in their structure, the straight<br />
line and curve formations to which reference has been made,