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14 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
The presence everywhere of electricity and electrical strain invests the new theory of matter with quite a<br />
remarkable interest.<br />
I know nothing in the whole range of physics more wonderful than the so-called spiral nebulae. They are now<br />
known to occur in very large numbers, and to form right and left-handed symmetrical spirals, being composed of<br />
two parts which wind within each other round a centre or nucleus, which consists of one or more stars with a<br />
nebulous matrix. How stars and nebulous matter, in unlimited space, should arrange themselves in spiral wreaths<br />
baffles comprehension They can only do so in accordance with certain laws which are the outcome of design.<br />
When it is stated, as has been done, that similar spiral arrangements can be traced in large numbers in plants and<br />
in animals, the mind is overwhelmed, and is, at first, inclined to withhold belief.^<br />
The resemblance between the inorganic nebular spirals and the organic plant and animal spirals is in no sense<br />
fanciful but founded upon the most convincing evidence. In proof of what is here stated I invite the reader to<br />
compare the spiral nebula (Fig. 4 of Plate vii.) with the spiral flower (Fig. 13, p. 21) ; the spiral seed (Fig. 11, p. 20)<br />
the spiral fruit (Plate xi.. Fig. 1, p. 25) ; the spiral spermatozoon (Plate xii.. Fig. 1, E, p. 27) ; the two spiral shells<br />
(Plate xiii.. Fig. 1, F and G, p. 28) ; and the spiral apex of the mammalian heart (Plate xvii.. Fig. 3a, p. 32).<br />
If proof were wanting of the intimate relations subsisting between the inorganic and organic kingdoms, and<br />
of the unity of plan which pervades all nature, these remarkable coincidences in spiral formations are well calculated<br />
to supply it.<br />
The inorganic and organic spirals cannot, everything considered, be regarded as chance productions. They<br />
undoubtedly owe their origin to the operation of a common law, and afford a striking proof of a First Cause.<br />
The inorganic and organic kingdoms are constructed on similar lines. They are not opposed to each other.<br />
On the contrary, they are interdependent, complemental, co-ordinated, and conditioned. They are made for each<br />
other. No marvel, then, if plants and animals assume shapes and movements which are common in the heavenly<br />
bodies. Endless examples of spiral structures and spiral movements are given further on.<br />
I append photographs of the extraordinary nebular arrangements (Plates vii. and viii.). They transcend in<br />
grandeur and beauty everything of the kind which has hitherto appeared. These arrangements, moreover, are extremely<br />
suggestive in their bearing on movements in general, and on the movements in plants and animals in particular.<br />
PLATE VII<br />
Plate vii. shows actual photographs of nebulae and star clusters ; the upper two figures of the plate displaying<br />
curves and spiral arrangements—the lower two figures astral nuclei with nebulous envelopes.<br />
Fig. 1.—Photograph of star-cluster M. 13, Herculis, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Dr. Roberta says, "The photograph shows the<br />
stars in the central part of the cluster to be involved either in faint nebulosity or in atmospheric glare caused by the light o£ the stars,<br />
and some of them appear to be deformed in outline because of the overlapping of two or more star images. The general configuration<br />
of the stars is suggestive of their development from a spiral nebula. The forms of the convolutions still remain visible in the<br />
arrangement of the stars, whilst the nebulous matter appears to have been absorbed, and the nuclear condensations at their centres<br />
account for the dense. aggregations of stars."<br />
Very beautiful spiral nebulte are figured in Plate viii.<br />
Fitt. 2.—Photograph of Nebula ^ I., 143, Virginis, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.E.S. The photograph shows the nebula to resemble<br />
somewhat the letter D with the curve in the n.p. direction, and a star of about the 1.5th magnitude in the centre, the interior being filled<br />
with nebulosity of different densities, witliin which are five or si.\: star-like condensations. Dr. Roberts remarks that the nebulous<br />
condensations resemble those invariably seen in spiral nebula3. (Photographs of Stars, Stai'-clusters, and Neluilse.)<br />
Fig. 3.—Photograph of Annular Nebula M. 57, Lyr», by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Sir J. Herschel describes this nebula as<br />
a magnificent object ; annular, bright, and con,siderably extended. There is no appearance of stars involved in the ring, but the s.f.<br />
and n.p. sides are denser than the a.p. and n.f. ones. There is, as explained by Lord Rosse, an extension of faint nebulosity beyond the<br />
margins at each end of the major axis. This nebula resembles, in a general way, the cell of a plant or animal, which consists of a<br />
nucleus or central core, cell contents (protoplasm), and a cell wall or envelope. (Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebulie.)<br />
Fig. 4.—Photograph of Nebula M. 97, Ursaj Majoris, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Lord Rosse compared this nebula to the face<br />
of an owl, and was inclined to assign to it a spiral form. It has a star for its centi'e, and the neljulous envelope is concentrated at two<br />
points and projects inwards as if preparatory to assuming the spiral shape. A two-fold spiral grouping is very well seen in Fig. 1<br />
of Plate viii. (Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebuloj.)<br />
^ Some will no doubt endeavour to explain the marvellous spiral arrangements witnessed in nebulae to attractions and repulsions of various<br />
kinds ; they will I'egard the phenomenon as of purely physical origin. Such an explanation, however, would, as I have endeavoured to show<br />
be quite inadequate to explain similar spiral arrangements occurring in plants and animals Avhere no such attractions and repulsions can possiblv<br />
be present.