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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO UNIVERSE 347<br />
with the power of movement. This movement may occur in protoplasm, in white blood-corpuscles, in cells, in<br />
tissues, &c., but wherever it occurs it is due to prearrangement and design. It is never accidental or haphazard.<br />
The movements in each case are co-ordinated to given ends. An amoeba, for instance, slowly shoots out and draws<br />
in its finger-hke processes (pseudopodia). This it does deliberately and of set purpose. The white blood-corpuscle<br />
when, because of local inflammation, it forces itself through the wall of a capillary blood-vessel, attacks the vessel as<br />
a wedge, the thin end of the wedge always leading. When a voluntary muscle, in response to a volition, shortens<br />
or contracts by a centripetal movement, it soon after elongates or relaxes by a centrifugal movement ; if two volun-<br />
tary muscles, say an extensor and a flexor, are in action at the same time, the one (the extensor) shortens or<br />
contracts, while the other (the flexor) elongates or relaxes, and vice versa. Muscles are endowed with the same<br />
properties as pseudopodia, that is, the sarcous elements are possessed of a double power, namely, the power of<br />
alternately shortening and elongating in the case of long muscles, and of closing and opening in the case of hollow<br />
muscles and sphincters.<br />
Cilia also possess this double power. In cilia, no trace of muscles or nerves can be detected, yet they can bend<br />
first in one direction and then in another and opposite direction. Cilia, for the most part, are moved voluntarily<br />
and to given ends. They can produce food and other currents in the vorticella and various other rudimentary<br />
forms. They propel the ova along the Fallopian tubes, and mucus and air along the smaller bronchial tubes, and<br />
mucous surfaces generally. They form the organs of locomotion in paramecia and other low animal forms. Structure<br />
and difEerentiation, in the ordinary sense, are not necessary to voluntary movements, but the substances in which<br />
the movements occur are equal to the work they are called upon to perform. The substances have, in themselves,<br />
the potentiality and the power of movement, and they move methodically and to given ends.<br />
The low moving forms are legion as regards number and variety, but in every case there is adaptation and<br />
efficiency. The movements may occur in animals with or without muscles and nerves ; with or without feet ; with<br />
or without an external or internal skeleton ; but whenever and wherever they occur due provision is made. The<br />
movements, moreover, occur in a certain way and in a certain order. There is no such thing as sprawhng, indeter-<br />
minate movements in nature. Movements in hving things are never objectless. To be convinced of this one has<br />
only to study the movements and habits of the Infusoria and other rudimentary organisms under the microscope.<br />
These are seen to dart about with great alacrity and precision in pursuit of food or other objects. They are seen<br />
systematically to avoid each other unless when they attack and seize each other as prey. Their movements are<br />
evidently voluntary, and regulated. The mechanism by which the movements are produced is, in many cases, not<br />
visible, but it cannot be doubted that the substances and bodies in which they occur are in every case equal to<br />
the results obtained. In animals provided with cilia there is no diflBiculty ; the visible means of progression are equal<br />
to the result. They can propel the bodies on which they occur in any given direction. What is true of cihated<br />
animals is true of all others. In the creeping animals there is a movable ventral integument provided with rugae,<br />
setse, or feet, as in the worm and caterpillar. In animals which walk and leap, feet and legs with joints are provided<br />
as in insects. The apparatus and mechanism of movement become more apparent as animals become differentiated,<br />
and culminate in the beautiful, jointed feet, and hmbs of quadrupeds and bipeds ; the graduated, elastic tails and<br />
and the expanded, deUcately constructed elastic wings of insects, birds, and bats.<br />
My contention is, that the travelling apphances and organs of locomotion are original structures, and are as<br />
fins of fishes and sea mammals ;<br />
necessary to the existence and well-being of animals as the breathing apparatus, the circulatory apparatus, the organs<br />
of reproduction, &c. Without the means of movement, visible or invisible, no animal could possibly exist.<br />
§ 67. A Creator, Designer, and Upholder necessary to the Universe as We know it.<br />
In considering the universe as a whole, or in part, it is necessary to postulate an intelligent Creator or First<br />
Cause, a Designer and Adapter, an Upholder and Sustainer. Ex nihilo nihil fit is a trite and almost universally<br />
accepted adage. From nothing comes nothing. Those who do not believe in a Creator, who ignore design and<br />
the supervision which design implies, are, of course, entitled to ask who or what made the Creator ? They are<br />
logically entitled to put this question, and, if put, the only satisfactory reply that can be given is that intelligence,<br />
law, and order everywhere prevail in the universe ; a state of matters which impUes, if it does not actually prove,<br />
the existence of a Supreme Being Who is at once omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, and eternal. If a Creator<br />
be not predicated, then matter must be regarded as self-forming, self-moving, self-adapting, and endowed with the<br />
power of developing life de novo by a process of spontaneous generation, which is wholly opposed to modem<br />
scientific beliefs. As intelhgence is excluded from the mechanical view of the formation and working of the<br />
universe, it follows that chance takes the place of design, of law, and of order ; everything being a law unto itself<br />
as apart from co-ordination and co-adaptation. It is the harmony which prevails in the universe and the obvious