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360 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
The Evolutionists evade this serious difficulty by saying that while the geological record is admittedly imper-<br />
fect at present, there are good grounds for believing it will not remain so ; some gaps having been partially -filled<br />
up of late years. The argument is more ingenious than convincing. Conjecture cannot take the place of positive<br />
evidence. It is quite conceivable, and more than probable, that the Deity has placed boundaries to the great<br />
leading races of plants and animals. Such an arrangement makes for law and order. Evolution and endless<br />
modifications, for the most part, lead to confusion. As in the inorganic kingdom, crystals and other physical objects<br />
are built up in the same way and according to rules to which there are no exceptions, so in the organic kingdom,<br />
which is a differentiation and outgrowth of the inorganic one brought about by the introduction of life, there are<br />
main lines of development which are never departed from to any extent, but which, if departed from, even to a<br />
sUght extent, can be righted by a power of correction which inheres in the individuals through which the departure<br />
takes place. The modifications in such instances are in no case indefinite. We have examples of this power of<br />
righting in cultivated vegetables, which if left to themselves, sooner or later return to their originals. The same<br />
is true of domestic or cultivated animals. The several varieties of pigeons return to the blue rock pigeon. There<br />
are limits, moreover, to cross-fertiUsation. The mule and hinny are both barren, and similar remarks apply to<br />
crosses in birds. Granting, however, that evolution in the widest sense obtains, it affords no proof of the non-<br />
existence of a First Cause. Evolution beginning in the vastly remote past in a jelly speck of apparently homogeneous,<br />
undifferentiated protoplasm, and ending, after infinite permutations in infinite time, in the most highly cultured<br />
modern man, would, in some senses, be a more extraordinary creative feat than the formation of types at various<br />
periods of the world's history. Evolution does not get rid of the Deity. Neither does it prove that life and the<br />
formation of plants and animals are the result of spontaneous generation. No one has ever seen the birth of a new<br />
plant or animal, and no chemist or physicist has been able to manufacture either.<br />
Plants and animals are, in every instance, the product of pre-existing germs, seeds, or eggs. It has been again<br />
and again shown that if the germs, seeds, and eggs which float in the air are rigorously excluded from organic solu-<br />
tions such as are furnished by chopped hay and water, turnips and water, flesh and water, &c., the infusions are<br />
invariably barren. This was shown by the illustrious Pasteur more than a quarter of a century ago, and the late<br />
Professor Tyndall afforded convincing proof in the same direction. M. Pasteur found that if he trapped by long,<br />
bent, crooked tubes, or destroyed by great heat, the infinitely minute germs, seeds, and eggs which are suspended<br />
in the atmosphere, and prevented their getting into the organic solutions, the solutions invariably remained barren.<br />
Tjmdall arrived at the same conclusion by another method. He made two small closed glass chambers with<br />
shding doors, the interior of one of which he smeared with glycerine. These he kept in a still place and away from<br />
draughts. After a considerable interval the germs, seeds, and eggs floating in the air in the glycerine chamber were<br />
caught (trapped) on the bottom, sides, and top of the chamber. He then cautiously introduced equal portions<br />
of the same organic infusion into the two glass chambers respectively, with the result that the portion in the<br />
glycerine chamber (the air of which was, so to speak, filtered) invariably remained barren, while that in the non-<br />
glycerine chamber sooner or later teemed with life. Other investigators equally competent to deal with the subject<br />
obtained similar results by other and ingenious methods devised by themselves.<br />
So far as is known at present there is no such thing as spontaneous generation or a creation of life de novo.<br />
Spontaneous generation is for some a fascinating doctrine. It is delightfully vague, and gives a free rein to<br />
the uneducated, and to those who are anxious to evade responsibihty by denjdng the existence of a God, and who<br />
prefer to refer the universe, and everything it contains, to accident or blind chance. They say, without the faintest<br />
tittle of evidence, that matter created itself, that it assumed motion as in the heavenly spheres, and that it ulti-<br />
mately assumed Ufe as we know it on the earth in living plants and animals. Strangely enough. Professor Tyndall<br />
latterly attributed a universal power to matter as apart from life. In like manner Mr. C. Darwin committed himself<br />
to evolution and the development of man from lower forms. These great scientists were apparently carried away<br />
in their enthusiasm by views which they at first accepted charily and with extreme caution. Where so many out-<br />
standing evidences of design present themselves, it is difficult to make a wise selection of proofs. No doubt the<br />
most astounding examples of design are revealed by the telescope when directed to the heavens. There we behold<br />
what are practically unlimited matter, unhmited space, and unlimited power : great suns and solar systems ; untold<br />
planets, satellites, and comets ; stars which in number exceed the sands of the sea ; the Milky Way with its<br />
marvellous wealth of nebulae ; and, greatest marvel of all, the vast, ponderous heavenly bodies dehcately poised and<br />
wheeling in space as lightly as if wholly devoid of substance.<br />
Those stupendous orbs, the sizes and distances of which can only be approximately computed, thread their way<br />
among each other with extraordinary exactitude, and, at times, with incredible rapidity—a rapidity so great that<br />
mathematicians are at a loss to compute and the mind to grasp it. The heavenly systems, so vast and so various<br />
as regards size, shape, and movement, cannot possibly be explained by any concatenation of circumstances into