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230 DESIGN IN NATURE It appears, from the observations of Mr. Darwin and others, that very extensive regions of the continent of South America have been undergoing slow and gradual upheaval, by which the level plains of Patagonia, TOTAL DEPTHS quARTENARx^ RECCNTANO PLEISTOCCNC £00 £00 FT 450 - PLIOCENE aooFT IA50 - £.050 2,850" 5,350' 31,850 38,850 53,850 65,850 115,850, TABLE OF STRATIFIED ROCKS Showing Approximate Thickness S Y STEMS TYPICAL FORMS « MAN, M AmMur H.MASTOOOM 5< THREE TOED HORSE j| TETRABELODON •« ARSINOITHERIUM DINOCERAS * ANCESTORS OF ELEPHANTS HORSESanoMAMMALS GENERALLY iO LAST ICHTHYOSAURUS S^GREIAT DINOSAURUS //JORDOVICIAN/// /•/ 1' '/ / 15,000 f hill '1 hi THEROMORPHS PARIASAURUS LAST TRILOBITES SCORPIONS < FIRST FISHES MARINE SCORPION " a: LO 5 O < => X. 0; CO L> FIRST TRILOBITES Fig. 44.—a tabular view of the strata of the earth's crust, showing the relative thiol
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMALS 231 have been recently brought to Ught, the evidence has been daily strengthened of continued changes of level effected by violent convulsions in countries where earthquakes are frequent. There the rocks are rent from time to time, and heaved up or thrown down several feet at once, and disturbed in such a manner as to show how entirely the original position of strata may be modified in the course of centuries. It is not necessary for me to take up in detail the physical geography of the crust of the earth in geologic and recent times. It will suffice to furnish the reader with a table or chart (Fig. 44) in which the several rock strata of the earth's crust are given, in which the comparative thicknesses of the strata are indicated, and in which are located the fossil and other animals in the order of their appearance. Such a table supphes invaluable information in many directions, but unfortunately it conveys no idea of absolute time in relation to comparative time. The standard or unit of time has yet to be discovered. The thickness of the various rock strata affords no rehable clue. If the thiclcness of one stratum be ten times that of another stratum, one is tempted to conclude that the thicker stratum is ten times the age of the thinner one. This could only be true if the rate of deposit was uniform, which it never is. The rate of deposit of the stratum only partly determines the time taken in its formation : the thiclaiess of the stratum and the time of deposit become comparative questions. The same reasoning apphes to ever5rthing contained in the strata. While the simpler animals are found deepest in the earth's crust, and were the first to be created, there is nothing to show absolutely how long the several animals existed on the earth. A study of the table referred to will satisfactorily illustrate my meaning. The time involved in the various creative acts is inconceivably great, and a practically unknown quantity. The heavenly bodies, our planet, and its atmosphere had to be prepared before plants and animals could exist. The plants and animals, moreover, had to be specially constructed to meet the exigencies of the earth, and its climate at different periods. Geology shows that the plants and animals of successive periods were specially adapted to the peculiar ptysical conditions of the period, and were perfect in their day and generation. There were the plants and animals forming the coal-measures ; the great conifers and tree ferns ; ^ the ganoid and old world fishes, the huge reptiles, the monster mammals, &c., all indicating and chronicUng bygone eras. Not only were the plants and animals as a whole adapted to the earth as a whole at a particular period, but a portion of the plants and animals were adapted to particular parts of the earth at different periods. The earth, its atmosphere, and its chmate have changed and are changing ; a state of matters which accounts for regions which were once tropical, and contained tropical plants and animals, being now temperate or arctic, and containing corresponding flora and fauna. The distribution of plants and animals on the earth is not an accidental or chance distribution. The organic formations kept and keep pace with the physical changes of our planet ; the organic and inorganic kingdoms being, as explained, mutually adapted and correlated. When the continents and climate changed, the plants and animals changed also. " The number of reptilian remains, all apparently of the cretaceous age, is truly surprising ; more than ten species of Pliosaurus, one of Dinosaurus, eight of Chelonian, besides other forms, having been recognised. . . . The Aix-la-Chapelle (fossil) plants flourished before the rich reptihan fauna of the secondary rocks had ceased to exist. The Ichthyosaurus, Pterodactyl, and Mosasaurus were of coeval date with the oak, the walnut, and the fig." ^ If there is one thing more certain than another it is that the inorganic and organic kingdoms, as we know them, are mutually interdependent, and that they are always and everywhere complementary. The geological record affords conclusive proof that the one is an addition to, and, in a sense, an outcome or extension of the other, and that both are parts of a great whole. At one period of the earth's history neither plant nor animal existed. The earth had to be prepared as a habitation for them, and when a fitting habitation was provided, then, and not till then, did they make their appearance ; the plants coming first, and animals afterwards. The plants and the more simple ones preceding the more complex up animals, moreover, appeared in a certain graduated order ; to a point which, when reached, enabled the simple and the complex to exist side by side, as at the present day. § 40. The Simple and Complex Plants and Animals necessary to each Other. While geology points to the production of the lower plant and animal forms before the higher, this fact (if fact it be) ^ does not indicate imperfection or want of power in the Creator. With Him all things are possible. In other words. He could with equal faciUty produce a monad or a man. The geologic record of the future may 1 Professor Goppert, after examining the fossil vegetables of the coal-fields of Germany, has detected, in beds of pure coal, remains of plants of every family hitherto known to occur fossil in the carboniferous rocks. Many seams, he remarks, are rich in htgillm-iee, Lepidodendra, and Stigmarim; the latter in such abundance as to appear to form the bulk of the coal. In some places, almost all the plants were calamites, m others ferns. (Sir Charles Lyell's " Elements of Geology." London, 1871.) !" Lyell, op. cit. pp. 275, 280. ,,„,., ., -u-i-^ c- ^ ^ » Some scientists are of opinion that the geologic record is so imperfect as not to be reliable. There is however, the possibility of important fossiliferons strata being destroyed by igneous and other action at successive periods during the formation of the crust of the earth.
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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Page 217 and 218: ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
Page 219 and 220: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
Page 221 and 222: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
Page 223 and 224: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
Page 225 and 226: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
Page 227 and 228: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
Page 229 and 230: INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
Page 231 and 232: MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
Page 233 and 234: Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
Page 235 and 236: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 237 and 238: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 239 and 240: MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
Page 241 and 242: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 255 and 256: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 257 and 258: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 259 and 260: TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
Page 261 and 262: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 263 and 264: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 265 and 266: SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
Page 267: GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
Page 271 and 272: PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
Page 273 and 274: EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
Page 275 and 276: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 277 and 278: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 279 and 280: ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
Page 281 and 282: INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
Page 283 and 284: INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
Page 285 and 286: EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
Page 287 and 288: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 289 and 290: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 291 and 292: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
Page 293 and 294: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
Page 295 and 296: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
Page 297 and 298: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
Page 303 and 304: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
Page 305 and 306: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
Page 307 and 308: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
Page 309 and 310: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
Page 311 and 312: RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
Page 313 and 314: RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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