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312 DESIGN IN NATURE PLA.TE LXXXI (continued) active little objects found in the sea. It swims by the aid of cilia ; its movements being steadied by the tvfo tentacles which bear small branches covered with spirally stalked adhesive cells. Fig. 5.—Branchlet of Sertularia ahietina—magnified (Guide-Book, British Museum). ((, Polyp ; h, reproductive capsule. Illustrates radiating, globular, and branched arrangements. Fig. 6.—a group of Vorticellse magnified 220 diameters (after Marshall and Hurst). A, B, C. Show the animal in various positions. D. A much smaller specimen drawn to the same scale. B. A specimen made to contract by the action of alcohol. F. A specimen detached from its stalk and swimming away freely, disc forward. G, H, I. Illustrate three stages of fission. J, K, L. Show the separated individual swimming by means of the aboral circle of cilia—K being slightly contracted, and L strongly contracted, a, Food-vacuole discharging contents at anus ; '), aboral cilia ; c, cilia of the disc ; c/, contractile fibres of the stalk ; d, disc ; d', disc retracted ; fv, food vacuoli ; jA, pharynx ; jjd, pulsating vacuole ; p, peristoma ; m, myophan striation ; n, nucleus ; v, vestibule. The Vorticellfe are remarkable for their beautiful spiral stems and cilia, and the rapidity and grace of their movements. They retract and shorten their stems spirally and suddenly, and elongate them, in similar fashion, slowly. The cilia of the cup-shaped discs are continually in motion, and convey the idea of rotation. The movements of the stems and cilia are voluntary and under perfect control, as any one may readily satisfy himself by careful microscopic examination. The movements are necessary to secure food. They are essentially centrifugal and centripetal, give and take, rhythmic movements. PLATE LXXXII Plate Ixxxii. shows red and white blood-corpuscles (human) invaded by disease germs ; also rudimentary animal forms. Illustrates spherical, concentric, radiating, branching, segmented, and spiral arrangements. Fig. 1.—Diseased condition of the red and white blood-corpuscles in malaria in native children on the west coast of Africa, magnified 1250 diameters (after Stephens and Christophers). A. Young form of gamete in red blood-corpuscle. B, 0, D. Older forms of the same. E. Macrogamete in red blood-corpuscle. F. Microgametocyte, ditto. G. H. Macrogametes showing punctation of red blood-cells in which they are situated. I, J, K. Types of pigmented leucocytes or white blood-cells met with in native children. Fig. 2. Hydra—a small fresh-water animal found in ponds, ditches, and also running streams; named for its power of recovering from injury—the mutilated parts becoming perfect animals. A. Hydra or pond weed, natural size. B. Section of hydra, greatly magnified, a, Mouth ; b, stomach ; c, ectoderm ; d, endoderm ; e, • f, buds ; g, ovary ; h, spermary ' ' i, thread cells (after Parker and Haswell). 0. Thread cell, highly magnified (after F. E. Schultze). Fig. 3.—Types of Protozoa Hymnomyxit. A. Vampyrella ; B. Mycetozoa ; C. Amoeba ; D. Arcella ; E. Labyrynthula ; F. Actinophrys ; G. Miliolina ; H. Hahomma (after Chapman). Fig. 4.—Types of Protozoa Cortinitn. A. Gregarina; B. Monas ; 0. Noctiluca ; D. Vorticella ; E. Podophrya ; F. Ceratium (after Chapman). The Protozoa (Figs. .3 and 4) illustrate radiating, concentric, and branching arrangements. Fig. 5.— Vmiu-dht nehnlifera, magnified 100 diameters (after Griffith and Henfrey). Shows the spiral arrangements of the stem by which the animal cautiously and leisurely advances its ciliated bell-shaped body in search of food, and suddenly retracts the same when surprised or alarmed. The mechanism of the spiral stem is a marvel in its way, and thoroughly under control. Fig 6.—Joint of stem of Antenmilaria avtmiiwi,, magnified (after Allman). a, Polyp ; h, nematophore i ; c, reproductive r- capi- sule. Shows radiating, branched, and segmented arrangements. § 58. Protoplasmic, Amoebic, Muscular, and other Movements. In order to obtain an adequate conception of the movements which occur in plants and animals it is necessary to take a wide survey and to study carefully those seen in rudimentary organic substances and structures, such as spores, spermatozoa, plant and animal protoplasm, pseudopodia, ciUa, white blood-corpuscles, the slrcous elements of muscles, the Amoeba, Gromia, Paramecium, Zooids, &c. The movements of the sarcous' elements are especially interesting from their obvious bearing on the respiration, circulation, alimentation, and locomotion in the higher animals. Motion is one of the characteristics of matter organic and inorganic alike. Of rest, strictly speaking the universe furnishes no examples. Everything is in motion from the scarcely visible molecule to the great 'heavenly ^ bodies wheeling freely in space.
PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MOVEMENTS 313 / A A^H- ^,f ,•—-,, PLATE LXXXII
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
Page 303 and 304: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
Page 305 and 306: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
Page 307 and 308: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
Page 309 and 310: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
Page 311 and 312: RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
Page 313 and 314: RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
Page 315 and 316: NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
Page 323 and 324: NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
Page 343 and 344: THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
Page 345 and 346: Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
Page 347 and 348: THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
Page 349: Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
Page 353 and 354: PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 355 and 356: PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 363 and 364: PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 365 and 366: MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
Page 371 and 372: AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
Page 373 and 374: PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
Page 375 and 376: GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
Page 377 and 378: GROMIA 339 the very border line as
Page 379 and 380: GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
Page 381 and 382: GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
Page 383 and 384: ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
Page 385 and 386: A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
Page 391 and 392: DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
Page 397 and 398: DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
Page 399 and 400: DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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