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86 DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE LIII {continued) Small feet suffice for support and propulsion when the surface trod, which supplies the fulcrum for the travelling organs, is vrnyielding. Larger travelling organs are required for the water, which furnishes a yielding fulcrum ; still larger travelling surfaces being required for the air, ^vhere the fulcrum is still more mobile and treacherous (the Author). Fig. 2.—Photographs of men walking at a brisk pace, seen from before and behind. Show the double fignre-of-8 curves made by the superior and inferior extremities, and the double twisting movements which occur at the shoulders and hips in walking. The left arm (a) and right leg (h) advance together in curves (see darts) to make one step ; the right arm (c) and left leg (d) advancing together in curves (see darts) to make a second step. The same movements are seen at Fig. 4 of this Plate, where the interrupted line represents the curves made bj' the arms in walking ; the continuous line representing those made by the legs. The twisting movements which occur at the shoulders and hips in walking are seen at h, I, and m, n (see darts) ; those made by the legs and arms at h, i, and j, g. In the central figures the extremities are in the act of reversing (the Author). Fig. 3.--The swimming of the sturgeon (Acipeitser sturio), as depicted by the Author in 1867. Shows the double figure-of-8 curves made by the body and tail of the fish as it progresses through the water. The tail makes similar curves, a, h, Line of progress ; c, caudal curve ; d, cephalic curve. The caudal and cephalic curves are complemental and afford fulcra for each other when the effective strokes are made. Fig. 4.—Double or figure-of-8 curves made by the arms and legs in walking, as depicted by the Author in 1867. The interrupted line represents the curves made by the arms ; the continuous line the complemental curves made by the legs. The right leg and left arm advance together to make one step ; tlie left leg and right arm advancing together to make a second step. The legs and arms move diagonally, and the curves made liy them cross and produce figtires-of-8. The diagonal movements of the limbs necessitate twisting movements at the hips and shoulders. Fig. 5.—Blow-fly with its wings at rest and in motion, as delineated by the Author in 1867. A. Blow-fly at rest. B. Blow-rty with its body fi.ved and its wings in motion (captive flight). In captive flight the wings twist and untwist as they hurry to and fro and make double or figure-of-8 curves. The tips of the wings describe a figure-of-8 trajectory in space. In free flight the figure-of-8 is opened out to form first a spiral and then a waved track, as shown at Figs. 6 and 9 of this Plate. Fig. 6.—Spirid and waved track made by the wings of the insect in free flight. The track in question is indicated by the arrows marked a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j. k, I, m, n, o, p, q, r, n, t ; the recoil obtained from the air is indicated by the same letters with a dash prefixed (the Author, 1867 aiid 1870). Fig. 7.—The flight of the heron (Ardea cinerea), from a photograph by the Aullior. Shows very large wings and small body, as in the bat (Fig 1, C, of this Plate). The wings of the heron and all other birds make figure-of-8, spiral, and waved tracks in flight, as shown at Figs. 6, 9, and 10 of this Plate. Fig. 8.—Double spiral curves made by the feet of a bird in swimming, as figured by the Author in 1867. The arrow a, represents the curve made by the right foot during its back or effective stroke ; the arrow h, the curve made at the same time by the left foot during its forward or non-effective stroke. The right and left legs and feet move alternately, and the feet are expanded during the effective strokes and closed during the non-eftective strokes. The swan occasionally moves both feet together. Fig. 9 —Spiral and waved track made by the wing of the bird in free flight, as first explained by the Author. The spiral and waved track is indicated by the arrows marked a, 6, r, ,-7, e,/, g, h, i,j, k, I, to, n, o, p, q, r, s, t (the Author, 1867 and 1870). Fig. 10.—Waved track made by the wing of the bird in tree flight, as figured by the Author in 1867. a, h. Represent the line of flight. The letters from c to m inclusive, represent the angles made by the wing with the horizon during the down and up strokes. This wing flies forward as a true kite during both the down and up strokes {vide arrows). PLATE LIV Plate liv. illustrates the double, complemental, figure-of-8 carves made by the extremities of quadrupeds and bipeds in walking ; how similar curves are made by the wing in flying ; and how there are good grounds for boUeving that these curves are fundamental, and first make their appearance in the sinuous movements of spermatozoa, the serpent, and other creeping things. Fig. 1.— Trotting horse drawn by the Author to show the double figure-of-8 curves made by the limbs, t, r. Double curves made by the right fore and left hind legs ; u, s, double and complementarv curves made by the left fore and right hind leo-s. The double complementary curves when superposed produce an elongated figure-of-8. The double curves are caused by diagonal movements of the fore and hind limbs of opposite sides, and by twisting movements occurring at the shoulders and hips of the horse. Fig. 2.—The serpent as seen crawling, incorrectly and correctly pourtrayed (after Giinther). A. The serpent in this figure is wrongly represented as making sinuous vertical movements ; points only. the body being supported at three B. The serpent in this figure is rightly represented as making sinuous lata-al movements ; the body beint' more or less in contact with the ground m its entire length. At rr, b, the serpent is gliding forward in double, complemental, figure-of-8 reversing curves • at c, d, It IS stretched out and at rest. In 1867 the Author explained that the travelling organs and extremities in the higher animals whether fins, flippers, wings, or feet, were outgrowths from the trunk and vertebral column, and derived their sinuous fiaure of 8 movements therefrom. The following were the words employed at the date in ([uestion " : That the movements of the extremities primarily emanate from the spine is rendered probable by the remarkable powers possessed by serpents. . . . The peculiar endow- ments, therefore, which accompany the possession of extremities, would seem to present themselves in an undeveloped or latent form in the trunk of the reptile." Fig. 3.—Photographs of nude female walking, as seen before and behind (after E. Muvbridge). The darts are added by the Author and he is responsible for the description given of this and other photographs by Muybridge employed in the work. The darts show
j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE-OF-8 CURVES IN TRAVELLING '9 / ^e d ^tfv PLATE LIII «»—» Fig. 3. «- Fig. 2. ^^^- -' Fig. 9, y d ? i ff 87
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
Page 73 and 74: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
Page 75 and 76: CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
Page 77 and 78: RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
Page 83 and 84: 1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
Page 85 and 86: § 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
Page 87 and 88: VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 89 and 90: DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 95 and 96: VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 97 and 98: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 99 and 100: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 101 and 102: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
Page 103 and 104: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
Page 105 and 106: CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
Page 107 and 108: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 109 and 110: CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
Page 111 and 112: RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
Page 113 and 114: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 115 and 116: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 119 and 120: VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
Page 123: TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
Page 127 and 128: vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
Page 129 and 130: RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
Page 131 and 132: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
Page 133 and 134: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
Page 135 and 136: THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
Page 137 and 138: SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
Page 139 and 140: ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
Page 141 and 142: UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
Page 143 and 144: force is so feeble that the chain o
Page 145 and 146: FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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Page 149 and 150: THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
Page 151 and 152: THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
Page 153 and 154: MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 155 and 156: MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 157 and 158: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 159 and 160: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 161 and 162: ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
Page 163 and 164: LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
Page 171 and 172: A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
Page 173 and 174: BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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