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152 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
" The prominent doctrines enunciated by Goodsir in these lectures mainly rested on the existence of centres<br />
of force connected with the nutritive and reproductive changes in the normal and pathological processes. The<br />
term ' centres of nutrition,' or ' germinal centres,' as employed by him, obviously possessed a similar signification<br />
to that which at this time (1868) is attached by Dr. Beale to his ' germinal matter,' and by various anatomists of<br />
the most modern German school to their masses of nucleated protoplasm. The allocation to these definite ' centres,'<br />
not only of the forces engaged in the nutrition of the textures, but in the reproduction of new forms both in normal<br />
and pathological processes—a doctrine which has been in its special relations to pathology so systematically pursued<br />
by Virchow and his disciples—was unmistakably present in the mind of Goodsir, and also articulately expressed<br />
in the pathological papers in the series now referred to. Of the part which the nucleated cell plays in the processes<br />
of nutrition, secretion, and reproduction, normal and otherwise, it may perhaps suffice to refer the reader to the<br />
paper on ' Centres of Nutrition,' to that on ' Absorption and Ulceration,' to the memoirs on ' Secreting Structures,'<br />
' On Diseased Conditions of the Intestinal Glands,' and the part on the ' Structure and Pathology of the Kidney<br />
and Liver.' In these various memoirs and essays the presence of the products of secretion within cells ; the increase<br />
which takes place in the size of the cells, and the multiplication of their nuclei when influenced by morbid changes ;<br />
the rupture of these enlarged proliferating cells, and the discharge of their nucleated contents ; all testify to the<br />
largeness of his observation of cell-life, both physiologically and pathologically. In the first of these memoirs, not<br />
only does he advocate the importance of the cell as a centre of nutrition, but argues that the organism is subdivided<br />
into a number of departments, ' each containing a certain number of simple or developed cells, all of which hold<br />
certain relations to one central or capital cell around which they are grouped.' This idea has since been freely<br />
made use of by Professor Virchow, though, it must be admitted, without a due acknowledgment of the quarter in<br />
which it was originally stated, and it has obviously influenced many of his physiological and pathological speculations.<br />
This reticence is the more strange, as Virchow dedicated his work on ' Cellular Pathology ' to the Edinburgh<br />
professor in the following compKmentary terms :<br />
' To John Goodsir, F.R.S., &c., as one of the earliest and- most<br />
acute observers of cell-life, both physiological and pathological, this work on Cellular Pathology is dedicated, as a<br />
slight testimony of the deep respect and sincere admiration, by the author.' As Professor Virchow has travelled<br />
over much of the ground that had been previously cultivated by Goodsir, it is no less remarkable than dis-<br />
appointing to find in Virchow's volume of 433 pages but one reference to Goodsir, and that in connection with<br />
an observation the merit of which might be more fairly ascribed to Dr. Martin Barry. This is scanty civility to<br />
a scientific confrere whom he has designated ' one of the earliest and most acute observers of cell-fife '—one whose<br />
labours he has availed himself of, and whose opinions and words he has occasionally adapted." This subject was<br />
fully discussed in the British Medical Journal (Jan. 12, 1861), in a leading article, " Cellular Pathology, its Present<br />
Position," being a review of Virchow's work as translated by Chance. The passages referred to are placed in parallel<br />
columns.'<br />
While Germany may be said to have taken the lead in the elaboration of the cell theory, there were able and<br />
enthusiastic workers in the field both in London and Edinburgh, foremost among whom may be mentioned Sharpey,<br />
Bowman, Carpenter, Gulfiver, Busk, Simon, Paget, Martin Barry, Allen Thomson, J. Hughes Bennett, and, as<br />
has been shown, John Goodsir, who in some respects was facile princeps of the group.<br />
Various opinions as to the nature of the cell have been hazarded. Thus " Schwann looked upon the vitelline<br />
membrane as the outer cell wall, the yolk substance the contents, the germinal vesicle the nucleus, and the macula<br />
or maculm the nucleolus or nucleoK. Wagner and Henle rega,rded the ' germinal vesicle '<br />
as the true cell, and the<br />
other parts of the ovum as of the nature of superadded structures. Goodsir and Virchow held the cell to be the<br />
ultimate morphological element in which there is any manifestation of fife, and that the seat of real action must<br />
not be transferred to any point beyond the ceU."<br />
Latterly, the tendency has been to foHow Goodsir's lead, and to identify, more and more closely, the structure<br />
and function of the cell. It is now claimed that the cell is not only the unit of structure, but also the unit of<br />
function. " It is the ceU to which the consideration of every bodily function sooner or later drives us. In the<br />
' A ^^Titer in the Pall JMl Gazette, who seems to have fully realised the many admii-able points in Goodsir's character, says : "Since the<br />
days of John Hunter, no greater master of anatomica science, no keener investigator of phenomena, no more comprehensive g^^asper of generalisabons,<br />
no clearer or inore eifective e.xpositor, ever dedicated himself to the great subject of anatomy, human and comparative! thL Johif Goodsh-<br />
The only regret wil be that he has left so few records of his discoveries and conclusions ; that in the keenness of his pursuit aftei scientific truth<br />
he left himself so little time to gather up and embody m . lasting form his numerous incidental felicities of investigation and doctrine But<br />
enough and more than enough, wil always remain to prove the brightness of his intelligence, the justness of his reasoning, and the ph losoXc<br />
comprehensiveness of hi.s generalisations. ^„ subject, however remotely connected with his favourite one, but was perfectly known to him<br />
When m 1854 he suddenly undertook the task of lecturing on natural history for his deceased friend Edward Forbes, he was foundTmaster^;<br />
every point, in the science which was only accessory to his own. It is indeed impossible to estimate aright the loss which scientific Cow^Ih^p<br />
and academic education sustain through such a death as his. Let us hope that the generous contagion of his teaching and tlie lustre nflW=<br />
example will arouse in .some worthy disciple the masculine enthusiasm, the noble candour, and the chivalrous self-devotiSn which are wfp^V,!<br />
tlic too early gi'uve of Jolm Goodsir.<br />
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