Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
232 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
show that many of the lower and higher plants and animals were co-existent at a much earlier period than is<br />
generally supposed, or even from the first. The subjects of atmosphere, climate, food, &c., have here to be con-<br />
sidered, and these involve changes necessitating time for their production. Air, water, and soil had to be pro-<br />
Naded as a necessary pabulum for plants, and plants as a necessary pabulum for animals. Plants and animals hve<br />
upon each other : generally (but not necessarily) the higher and stronger upon the lower and weaker. Thus the<br />
parasites, the most debased of plants and animals, infest the highest plants and animals in large numbers. In a<br />
sense the highest plants and animals are as necessary to the lowest as the lowest are to the highest. A completed<br />
scheme of creation requires the co-existence at the same time, and in the same place, of the higher and highest<br />
and the lower and lowest plants and animals. Man certainly requires the lowest and highest plants and animals<br />
as auxiliaries of his existence.<br />
The presence of the simplest and most complex plants and animals in the same place and at the same time<br />
goes against the behef that the more complex plants and animals are manufactured directly or indirectly from the<br />
more simple and rudimentary ones. It also goes against the idea that plants and animals are capable of indefinite<br />
improvement. If this were so, and creation was non-progressive and confined to one period, such is the extreme<br />
age of the earth, the stock of rudimentary plants and animals would long ago have been exhausted—only the most<br />
perfect plants and animals remaining. As a matter of fact, however, the rudimentary plants and animals existing<br />
at the present day are enormously in excess of the complex ones. The rudimentary plants and animals are in<br />
reahty a necessity. They form the food of the higher ones ; a circumstance which is strangely overlooked in dis-<br />
cussing the doctrine of evolution. Inorganic and organic matter may be said to prey upon each other. The soil<br />
forms the chief food of the plant, and a decomposing plant nourishes the soil. The same is true of plants and<br />
animals. The animal devours the plant, and both when dead enrich the soil. Sooner or later plants and animals<br />
return to the earth from which, under divine guidance, they originally sprang. Inorganic matter and rudimentary<br />
plants and animals are absolute requirements of the higher plants and animals, and the converse.<br />
While plants, as a rule, subsist on inorganic matter, a certain proportion of them (the insectivorous plants) subsist<br />
largely on animals. Certain animals (the Herbivora, for example) subsist exclusively on plants. Others again (the<br />
Carnivora) hve exclusively on animals. Man, as an omnivor, devours all. As a matter of fact, life swarms upon<br />
hfe, and everything largely lives upon every other thing directly or indirectly.<br />
The gradation in plants and animals is practically unUmited, but this circumstance does not necessarily afford<br />
irrefragable proof of evolution and descent in the usual acceptation of these terms. It rather points to the in-<br />
exhaustible resources and infinite constructive sldll of the Creator. There are main types and sub-types, a general<br />
plan and detailed plans, but all are necessary to a perfect scheme of creation. There is nothing in geology to show<br />
that the various substances composing our planet were originally manufactured out of one homogeneous sub-<br />
stance :<br />
neither is there anything to prove that the great races of plants and animals are the products of a primordial<br />
speck of homogeneous protoplasm. All that geology reveals is that certain physical conditions obtained when<br />
certain plants and animals hved, and that the physical conditions and the plants and animals changed, up to a point,<br />
from time to time in the past as they are doing in the present.<br />
ORDER IN WHICH PLANTS AND ANIMALS APPEARED ON THE EARTH<br />
In considering the problem of creation in relation to the inorganic and organic kingdoms it is necessary to take<br />
into account certain of the physical changes which have occurred and are occurring in inorganic matter, and all the<br />
vital changes which have occurred and are occurring in organic matter. It is here that the geologic record becomes<br />
so important as an instructor and guide. A reference to the geological chart given above discloses the fact that<br />
m the oldest rocks (Primary or Palaeozoic) the traces of organic remains are comparatively few ; that in the<br />
secondary or Mesozoic rocks they are more plentiful ; and that in the Tertiary or Ceenozoic and Post- Tertiary (which<br />
are comparatively recent rocks) they greatly abound.<br />
It is a remarkable circumstance that even in the oldest known rocks organic remains are found. Thus in the<br />
Lower Laurentian rocks, in an interstratified bed of hmestone 1000 feet thick, what was once thought to be a<br />
forammifer (Eozoon Canadense) has been discovered. Its antiquity is such that the distance of time which separated<br />
It from the Upper Cambrian period, or that of the Potsdam sandstone, may, says Sir W. Logan, be equal to the<br />
time which elapsed between the Potsdam sandstone and the Nummuhtic limestones of the Tertiary period.<br />
The occurrence in the oldest known rocks of organic remains fUls the mind with wonder. It shows that Hfe<br />
appeared on the earth untold ages ago. Nor is it quite certain that the earUest fossiliferous rocks have yet been<br />
discovered. Indeed some are of opinion that these have been destroyed by volcanic and other action If so