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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 217<br />
bird, to say nothing of similar modifications on a large scale in the vertebrate series, where the toes range from<br />
five as a maximum to one as a minimum. Nor must it be forgotten that in certain sea mammals, such as the<br />
dugong, manatee, porpoise, and whale, not only the toes, but also the limbs, especially the posterior ones, entirely<br />
disappear.<br />
If the dropping of toes proves anything, it proves the existence of type in limbs (as in other parts), where<br />
enough remains to show its origin and general relations, and connections of the parts to each other. The dropping<br />
has certainly nothing whatever to do with consanguinity and descent, or with evolution.<br />
The object in view in the modification of limbs and other parts of animals is to make the modified parts more<br />
perfect for the performance of some special work. The massive single toe of the horse, armed with a strong hoof,<br />
is the best possible for dealing with the hard, unyielding earth in walking and running ; the wing of the flying bird,<br />
with its fingers soldered together and its covering of fleecy elastic feathers, being the best conceivable for deaUng<br />
with the soft, yielding air in flight. In all this there is the most convincing proof of a First Cause and Design.<br />
The instrument is specially created to perform specific work on the most approved mechanical principles—the means<br />
and the ends being always found side by side. No effect, great or small, is produced apart from an adequate<br />
cause. This argues pre -determination, law, and order in infinite variety. It would be a singular circumstance<br />
if the limbs of the horse were modelled in a way no other limbs are. As a matter of fact, the fore limbs of the<br />
horse are less modified than the wings of the bird.<br />
It will be seen that a by no means strong case has been made out for evolution and the descent of the modern<br />
horse from a five-toed extinct mammal. Perhaps even less can be said when the teeth of the horse and its supposed<br />
ancestors form the fulcra of the argument. It was noticed that the crowns of the molar or grinding teeth of the<br />
existing horse had a complicated pattern, and immediately palaeontologists set about finding similar teeth in<br />
mammals, ancient and modern ; the mammals in question having toes ranging from five to one. Of course it<br />
must not be overlooked that the modern horse and its supposed ancient ancestors are not the only mammals<br />
whose molar teeth exhibit comphcated patterns. The modifications in the toes and teeth of the horse when the<br />
mammalian series is regarded as a whole can scarcely be said to amount even to peculiarities, and assuredly do<br />
not justify the outstanding position claimed for them by evolutionists and by those who have a fixed idea that<br />
the horse is descended from a five-toed mammal. The supposed relation of birds to reptiles based on the posses-<br />
sion by both of teeth, and peculiarities in the pelvis and fore limbs, is, to a large extent, fanciful, and can scarcely be<br />
seriously entertained. The closer the subject is examined the less satisfactory it becomes. A certain amount of<br />
detail regarding the configuration, modification and uses, especially of limbs, is necessary at this stage.<br />
THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS TO BE REGARDED AS<br />
ORIGINAL STRUCTURES<br />
The wings of birds in no respect resemble the fore legs of reptiles as a class. They are structures specially<br />
modified to navigate the air. The hmbs and the hands and feet of birds vary infinitely, but in every case they<br />
are means to ends. Thus there are running, swimming, diving, and flying birds. The ancient dodo had no<br />
wings : the same is true of the modem apteryx. Wingless birds can only walk and run. The ostriches and emus<br />
have small, short wings useless for flight, and long legs, which make them excellent runners ; the penguins have<br />
small, flexible, featherless wings, which enable them to dive and to fly in, but not out of, the water—they have also<br />
webbed swimming feet. The majority of birds have large wings provided with primary, secondary, and tertiary<br />
feathers, by the aid of which they fly in the air. Some birds, such as the ducks, can walk, swim, dive, and fly by<br />
turns. The travelling organs of birds are designed and adapted structures. They are in no sense to be regarded<br />
as haphazard developments : neither are they to be regarded as evolutions as apart from design and a pre-<br />
determined plan.<br />
Modifications in the travelhng organs required for the purposes of progression do not prove that the bird<br />
is descended from the reptile. Neither do similar modifications in the horse prove that that animal is descended<br />
from a five-toed mammal. There are modifications and peculiarities in the limbs of birds and horses, and there<br />
is gradation, but this is all that can be said. As a matter of fact, the modifications in the wings, legs, and feet<br />
of birds show as great a variety of structure as is found between birds and reptiles themselves ; but the modifica-<br />
tions afford proofs of adaptation and design in the traveUing organs, and do not support a blind evolution which<br />
ignores a First Cause and refers the modifications to chance as apart from Design. Similar remarks are to be<br />
they are not<br />
made of the Hmbs and feet of horses. They afford examples of special developments for a purpose :<br />
mere purposeless, bUnd adaptations, as evolutionists would have us beUeve. In the case of the hands and feet of<br />
VOL. I.<br />
2" E<br />
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