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lyo DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE LXIX {contimied) Ym. 13.—Spheroidal cell combinations or rosette genimnles of typical collared monads, x 800. Tlie symmetry displayed in tliis Figure and in Figs. 1 and 11 is very remarkable. The rosette arrangement of Fig. 11 is especially striking (the Author). Fifis. 14 and 15.—Simple planuloid swarm gemmules or ciliated larvse of Grantia compressa (Bowerbank) in various stages of development seen superficially and in longitudinal optical section. At Fig. 15 the larvas consist of similar closely opposed conical uniflagellate elements, x 350. Fig. 15 reveals a well-marked radiating arrangement. In both figures the cilia form a striking feature. These are useful for causing currents either for securing food or for propulsion. Fig. 16.—Planuloid swarm gemmule with internally contained cell spherules as seen in optical section in Ascetta primordialis (Oscar Schmidt). Fig. 17.—Portion of lateral wall of swarm gemmule of same sponge showing cell spherules (a), derived from the uniflagellate elements which assume an amoeboid form and creep into the common central cavity seen in Fig. 16 (Oscar Schmidt). Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26.—Polymorphic phases of adult monads (Herpetomonas muscse-doniedicse), x 650. At Figs. 25 and 26 the monads are dividing by longitudinal fission. The shapes assumed are remarkable and various. Fig. 27.—Social colony of collared monads {Proterospongia haeckeli) inhabiting a common gelatinous matrix resembling the cytoblastema of an ordinary spimge, x 800. a, Hyaline gelatinous matrix ; h, normal zooids with collars expanded ; c, normal zooids with collars contracted ; d, zooids with collars and iiagella withdrawn and presenting an amoebiform appearance as in the cytobksts of a sponge body ; these divide by transverse fission ; e, spore mass (W. S. Kent). Shows centrifugal and centripetal action of collar of zooid, the amoeboid and sporular phases of zooid, and its power of changing shajê in any direction (the Author). Fig. 28.—Portion of inner wall or lining of sponge {Ascetta primordialis), x 350. a, Pore aperture surrounded by flagelliferous monads ; h, b, b, spore groups produced from ordinary collared monads believed by Haeckel to be sperm cells ; c, a, large amoeboid bodies, the result of metamorphosis and coalescence of collared cells, which later develop into ciliated swarm gemmules (Haeckel). Fig. 29.—Fragment of peridium or indurated outer wall of sporangium of Didymium farinaceum (Fries), with substallate calcareous spicule, X 390. Fig. 30.—A spicule of .same further enlarged. These spicules present well-marked crystallic shapes. PLATE LXX This plate illustrates how the lower animal forms divide by longitudinal and transverse fission ; how they come together and coalesce ; how they retrogress and assume the amoeboid condition prior to reproducing them- selves ; how they form sporocysts with spores—the spores being scattered when the sporocysts burst ; how, in many instances, they assume plant shapes ; how certain of them present a spiral appearance, and how their contractile vesicles open and close as in the diastole and systole of the heart, thus identifying rhythmic movements with the very beginnings of hfe. Figs. 1 and 2.—Progressive phases of transverse fission of adult monad (Cercomonas typica), x 1750. Figs. 3 and 4.—Examples of tran.sverse fission in adult monad (Spumella guttula, Ehr.), x 600. The fusion of smaller with larger monads is seen at Figs. 6 and 7. The division, segmentation, and blending of rudimentary animal forms have an obvious bearing on development, differentiation, and division of labour in the higher animals (the Author). Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Free-swimming monads (Simmella guttula, Ehr.). «,, Aperture ; n, nucleus ; cv, contractile vesicle. The monads are coalescing or conjugating in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 8.—Shows a phase of longitudinal fission. Fig. 9.—An encysted group showing stalked (o) and stalkless (b) cyst, and large cyst with two stalks (c) ; the latter the result of the conjugation of two zooids, x 1500. Fig. 10.—Normal attached monad {Spumella guttula, Ehr.), x 600. Fig. 11.—Shows longitudinal fission of a monad. Figs. 12 and 13.—Illustrate the alternating diastole and systole or opening and closing of the two contractile vesicles of a freeswimming monad {Fhysomonas socialis), x 1000 (W. S. Kent). Similar opening and closing rhythmic movements are witnessed in plants. They liave great significance as indicating the inherent fundamental nature of rhythms (the Author). Figs. 14 and 15.~-Normal adult monads {Heteromita lens, Mull), x 800. Show nucleus and contractile vesicle. Figs. 16 and 17.— Irregular-shaped amcebiform conditions of same monads. Figs. 18 and 19.—Two of same monads about to coalesce. FKi. 20.-Conjugation or union proceeding and resulting in a spheroidal sporocyst as seen in Figs. 21, 22, and 23 (same monads) Tlie blending and fu,smg of monads mto each other and the production of new individuals bv spore° is analogous to ' reproduction in its several phases m certain plants (the Author). ° ^ ">j.ui,i,iuii Fig. 24.—Two sjjorocysts containing eight or sixteen macrospores (same monads). Fig. 25.— One sporocyst containing four macrospores (same monads). Fig. 26.—The sporocyst burst and liberating biilagellate germs same as in Figs. 14 and 15, but smaller, x 1000. Figs. 27, 28, 29, and 30.— Minute uniflagellate monaditorm germs developed from macrospores, x 2500. Fk!. 31.—Colony stock or zoodendrium {Gephalotliamnium cuneatum), x 1250. Presents a very decided plant-like appearance
ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL FORMS 17] PLATE LXX PLATE LXX (continued) Fig. 32.—Colony of two monads (Dendromonas virgaria, Weisse) dividing by longitudinal fission. F16. 33.—Adult colony of monads [Gladomma laxmn), x 1000. Eesemljles small slirub in its general aspect. Fig. 34.—A monad dividing by longitudinal fission, x 1500. n, Nucleus ; cv, contracting vesicle. Fig. 35.—A monad dividing by transverse fission, x 1500. These cleavages are at the root of development and differentiation (the Author). Figs. 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40.—Free-swimming luonads {Spiromonas anciustata) with their bodies in three cases variously twisted X 1500. The spiral movements of free-swimming monads mark a new and important departure (the Author). Fig. 41.—An erect branching colony stock (Anthophysa vegetans, Miill.) with thiee terminal monad clusters, x 400. The branching appearance presented by this figure resembles that seen at Figs. 31, 32, and 33. Fies. 42 and 43.—Two specimens of Tetramitus descissus, x 1500. Fig. 44.—Head of colony stock of zooids (Anthophysa sodalis), x 1500 (Biitschli). Presents flower-like rosette. Fie. 45.—Young animalcules (Tetramiitus rostratus), x 650. PLATE LXXI This plate illustrates the power possessed by animalcules of changing shape at pleasure ; of dividing longi- tudinally and transversely ; and of assuming spiral shapes structurally and when moving. It also shows advance in organisation ; the flagella being increased in number, there being a superior vibratile set employed for catching food, and an inferior set used for fixing or anchoring purposes ; hair-like setee and ciUa also make their appearance. Advance in structure and greater functional range proceed pari passu. ..-r,. ,, ., , . , •. ._j Figs. 1 to 11 inclusive.— Animalcule (Trepomowas aîfe) as seen from various points with body straight and twisted, x 650. At " •--- _.i_^_i_i_ , 3. 7 and 8 the animak I indicate the direction of the circulation of the endoplasm (Stein, Perty, and Biitschli). The figures illustrate Figs. 7 and 8 the animalcule is dividing by longitudinal fission. At Fig. 11 the nucleus (n), and contractile vesicle (cv), are shown: the arrows in this figure i
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'î^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 157 and 158: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 159 and 160: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 161 and 162: ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
Page 163 and 164: LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
Page 171 and 172: A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
Page 173 and 174: BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
Page 175 and 176: VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
Page 177 and 178: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
Page 181 and 182: a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
Page 185 and 186: EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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Page 199 and 200: ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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Page 219 and 220: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
Page 221 and 222: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
Page 223 and 224: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
Page 225 and 226: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
Page 227 and 228: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
Page 229 and 230: INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
Page 231 and 232: MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
Page 233 and 234: Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
Page 235 and 236: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 237 and 238: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 239 and 240: MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
Page 241 and 242: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 255 and 256: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 257 and 258: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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