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200 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
and, therefore, their volume, but are constant as such. These minute parts of the universal substance, the<br />
centres of condensation, which might be called fyknatoms, correspond in general to the ultimate separate atoms<br />
of the kinetic theory ; they differ, however, very considerably in that they are credited with sensation and inclina-<br />
tion (or will-movement of the simplest form), with ' souls' in a certain sense—in harmony with the old theory of<br />
Empedocles of the ' love and hatred of the elements.' Moreover, these atoms with ' souls ' do not float in empty<br />
space, but in the continuous, extremely attenuated intermediate substance, which represents the uncondensed<br />
portion of the primitive matter. By means of certain constellations, centres of perturbation, or systems of<br />
' deformation,' great masses of centres of condensation quickly unite in immense proportions, and so obtain a<br />
preponderance over the surrounding masses. By that process the primitive substance, which in its original state<br />
of quiescence had the same mean consistency throughout, divides or differentiates into two kinds. The centres<br />
of disturbance, which positively exceed the mean consistency in virtue of the pyJcnosis or condensation, form the<br />
ponderable matter of bodies ; the finer, intermediate substance, which occupies the space between them, and<br />
negatively falls below the mean consistency, forms the ether, or imponderable matter. As a consequence of this<br />
division in the mass and ether there ensues a ceaseless struggle between the two antagonistic elements, and this<br />
struggle is the source of all physical processes. The positive ponderable matter, the element with the feeling of<br />
like or desire, is continually striving to complete the process of condensation, and thus collecting an enormous<br />
amount of potential energy ; the negative, imponderable matter, on the other hand, offers a perpetual and equal<br />
resistance to the further increase of its strain and of the feeling of dislike connected therewith, and thus gathers<br />
the utmost amount of actual energy. The two fundamental forms of substance, ponderable matter and ether,<br />
are not dead, and only moved by extrinsic force, but they are endowed with sensation and will (though, naturally,<br />
of the lowest grade) ; they experience an inclination for condensation, a dislike of strain ; they strive after the<br />
one and struggle against the other.<br />
" There is no such thing as empty space ; that part of space which is not occupied with ponderable atoms is<br />
filled with ether.<br />
" There is no such thing as an action at a distance through perfectly empty space ; all action of bodies upon<br />
each other is either determined by immediate contact or is effected by the mediation of ether. Every shade of<br />
inclination, from complete indifference to the fiercest passion, is exemphfied in the chemical relation of the various<br />
elements towards each other, just as we find in the psychology of man, and especially in the life of the sexes.<br />
This fundamental unity of affinity in the whole of nature, from the simplest chemical process to the most complicated<br />
love story, was recognised by the great Greek scientist, Empedocles, in the fifth century B.C., in his theory of<br />
' the love and hatred of the elements.' Tt receives empirical confirmation from the interesting progress of<br />
cellular psychology, the great significance of which we have only learned to appreciate in the last thirty years. On<br />
those phenomena we base our conviction that even the atom is not without a rudimentary form of sensation and<br />
will, or, as it is better expressed, of feeling {xsthesis) and inclination (tropesis)—that is, a universal '<br />
soul ' of the<br />
simplest character. The same must be said of the molecules which are composed of two or more atoms. Further<br />
combinations of different kinds of these molecules give rise to simple and, subsequently, complex chemical com-<br />
pounds, in the activity of which the same phenomena are repeated in a more compUcated form. One of the first<br />
things to be proved by the law of substance is the basic fact that any natural force can be directly or indirectly<br />
converted into any other. Mechanical and chemical energy, sound and heat, light and electricity, are mutually<br />
convertible ; they seem to be but different modes of one and the same fundamental force or energy. This funda-<br />
mental principle is now generally recognised in the entire province of physics and chemistry, as far as it appHes<br />
to inorganic substances.<br />
" It seems to be otherwise with the organic world and its wealth of colour and form. It is, of course, obvious<br />
that a great part of the phenomena of Ufe may be immediately traced to mechanical and chemical energy, and to<br />
the effects of electricity and fight. For other vital processes, however, especially for psychic activity and con-<br />
sciousness, such an interpretation is vigorously contested. Yet the modern science of evolution has achieved the<br />
task of constructing a bridge between these two apparently irreconcilable provinces. We are now certain that all<br />
the phenomena of organic fife are subject to the universal law of substance no less than the phenomena of the<br />
inorganic universe. The combination of elements which are pecuHar to organisms, and which are responsible for<br />
their vital phenomena, are compound protoplasmic substances, of the group of albuminoids. Organic life itself is<br />
a chemico-physical process, based on the metabolism (or interchange of material) of these albuminoids. The<br />
only element which is capable of building up these compound albuminoids, in combination with other elements<br />
(oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur), is carbon. The peculiar chemico-physical properties of carbon—especi-<br />
ally the fluidity and the facility of decomposition of the most elaborate albuminoid compounds of carbon—are the<br />
sole and the mechanical causes of the specific phenomena of movement which distinguish organic from inorganic