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354 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
facts admit of only two explanations. Either cells and cell plants and animals develop and differentiate from the<br />
first in a haphazard way by accident, or their development and differentiation are predetermined, supervised, and<br />
regulated by an intelhgent Agent or First Cause. If the thing developing is not the sport of nature, it follows that<br />
it must have in itself, in a potential form, all the structural and functional peculiarities and attributes of the future<br />
being, whether plant or animal—nay more, that when a nervous system and brain are characteristics, these must<br />
also exist in a potential state. In making this statement, the reader is not to infer that the several structures and<br />
attributes which constitute the compound plant and animal are all contained in the primordial cell from which<br />
plants and animals are developed ; only this, that the cells have in themselves, in the shape of original endowments,<br />
the powers which enable them to build up from their surroundings, consentaneously or consecutively, the several<br />
tissues, structures, and systems which go to form even the most complex plants and animals. To put it otherwise :<br />
there is nothing in nature to show that plants and animals are accidental formations at the outset, or that their sub-<br />
sequent development and differentiation are at any period due to chance or natural selection. Plants and animals<br />
are certainly not the product of spontaneous generation. The accidental or chance hypothesis of the production,<br />
existence, and continuation of plants and animals on the earth would produce endless confusion, and completely<br />
overthrow the law and order which are known to exist alike in the organic and inorganic kingdoms.<br />
Much emphasis has been placed by Mr. Darwin and his followers on what they term " accidental modifications "<br />
in plants and animals ; these being frequently of the most insignificant and trifling description. They ignore the<br />
fact, that plants and animals in a state of nature breed true—that is, they revert to their originals even in the most<br />
minute details : any accidental departure from the normal standard being, as a rule, corrected very soon after its<br />
appearance. They claim that the accidental modifications in plants and animals gradually and steadily accumulate,<br />
and, in the fulness of time, produce what are virtually new beings. They, in reality, seek to establish a false<br />
analogy as between so-called natural and artificial breeding, and have propounded the theory that plants and<br />
animals, in a state of nature, have the power to select and perpetuate whatever is advantageous to themselves and<br />
to suppress and obUterate whatever is disadvantageous. This briefly is the famous theory of " The Origin of Species<br />
by means of Natural Selection." It is safe to assert that plants and animals have no such powers. The theory<br />
takes for granted that plants and animals can dispense with a selector outside of themselves, which they certainly<br />
cannot do. The theory of " Natural Selection " is fully discussed further on. In natural and artificial breeding a<br />
selector is a sine qud non. In nature the selector is, as a matter of fact, the First Cause which created, controls,<br />
and sustains the plant and animal. In the breeding of domestic plants and animals the selector is the individual<br />
who perceives and takes advantage of accidental modifications or sports and perpetuates them for his own purposes,<br />
not unfrequently to the detriment of the typical or natural parts of plants and animals. He breeds against nature,<br />
and produces abnormal or monster plants and animals. He disturbs and destroys the symmetry and balance of<br />
nature. That this artificial breeding is an outrage on nature is proved by this : plants and animals when left to<br />
themselves and allowed to run wild invariably return to their typical form ; the several varieties of pigeons breed<br />
back to the blue rock pigeon, and the tender cultivated vegetables revert to their non-succulent, hardy types.<br />
Natural selection, as a matter of fact, is wholly based on assumption. As already indicated, no plant or animal can,<br />
ifso facto, either develop or suppress any of its parts at discretion.<br />
While plants and animals cannot select and perpetuate what is good in themselves and repress and obUterate<br />
what is bad, they do nevertheless exert a certain amount of selecting and rejecting power in special cases. Thus<br />
secreting and excreting glands select and reject certain ingredients of the blood : they distinguish between those<br />
substances which are to be retained in the system and to be employed in a new form or to be extruded as waste<br />
products. The same is true with regard to food. Plants and animals do not feed indiscriminately on everything<br />
presented to them. On the contrary, they take kindly to certain articles of diet and refuse others. This power<br />
to discriminate between substances possessed by plants and animals, and parts thereof, is in turn referable to original<br />
endowment and a First Cause. Plants and animals, when absorbing and assimilating solids, semi-solids, fluids and<br />
gases, can, within limits, select and appropriate or reject, but this is quite another matter from saying that plants<br />
and animals make themselves in a haphazard way, apart from design and a general plan, and independently of a<br />
Creator. Plants and animals are no doubt influenced up to a point by the food they consume, and may be larger<br />
or smaller according as the food is nutritious and abundant or innutritious and scarce. They are also influenced<br />
by heat and cold, habitat, &c. The ultimate nature or constitution of the plant and animal is, however, not altered<br />
by food, cUmate, habitat, &c. A queen bee (which is considerably larger than the common bee) can be manufactured<br />
by a particular food from a common bee grub, and a man and a horse may be larger or smaller physically. The<br />
bee, nevertheless, remains a bee, the man a man, and the horse a horse.<br />
There is no escaping from a First Cause, from types, and from design, law, and order, in things organic and<br />
inorganic.