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380 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
That typical plants and animals should remain unchanged for thousands of years simply surpasses belief.<br />
There has always been a necessity for types or independent hfe centres. In geologic times the flora and fauna<br />
difiered materially from those of the present day, and it is next to impossible for the geologist and biologist to dis-<br />
tinguish between them. The differences cannot be bridged over by any form of modification, however long con-<br />
tinued, or by any kind of evolution. The various extinct and hving plants and animals do not merge or run into<br />
each other. They maintain, and have always done so, a separate existence. The belief in the separate creation<br />
of plants and animals in time and space is rapidly gaining ground. It is, however, admitted that modifications more<br />
or less extensive are required to meet the exigencies of chmate, atmospheric conditions, environment, &c.<br />
Type and the persistence of type go together.<br />
Mr. Wilham Carruthers has shown that the earUest vegetable specimens described by Dr. Schweinfurth from<br />
the Egyptian tombs reveal no trace of change. This is also seen in the unchanged leaves and other organs found<br />
in the Pleistocene clays of Ottawa, on the Continent, and in Britain. Mr. Carruthers shows that the ancient willow<br />
{Salix polaris), which now hves in the Arctic region, is found in the fossil form in the Pleistocene beds at Cromer and<br />
Bovey Tracy.<br />
Still more remarkable examples of the persistency of types are witnessed in animals. Here we are on comparatively<br />
safe ground, as plants and animals are figured side by side on the ancient Chaldean and Egyptian monu-<br />
ments. Civihsed man, the head of the great vertebrate type, is now known to have occupied Egypt and the<br />
neighbouring countries for at least 8000 years ; but as there was a civilisation long anterior to this, when flint was<br />
the only substance employed in the arts, that is, in the formation of arrow-heads, javelins, spears, knives, scrapers,<br />
hatchets, hammers, &c., the period of semi-civilisation must be very greatly extended. Indeed the antiquity of man<br />
may be transferred backwards to a practically indefinite period.<br />
Professor Huxley has furnished proofs at once of the fabulous antiquity of animals and of the marvellous<br />
stability and persistency of type. He points out that, " The progress of research has suppUed far more striking<br />
examples of the long duration of specific forms of life than those which are furnished by the mummified ibises and<br />
crocodiles of Egypt. A remarkable case is to be found in the neighbourhood of the Falls of Magara. In the imme-<br />
diate vicinity of the whirlpool, and again upon Goat Island, in the superficial deposits which cover the surface of<br />
the rocky subsoil in those regions, there are found remains of animals in perfect preservation, and among them<br />
shells belonging to exactly the same species as those which at present inhabit the still waters of Lake Erie. .<br />
We are fairly justified in concluding that no less a period than 30,000 years have passed since the shell-fish, whose<br />
remains are left in the beds to which I have referred, were hving creatures.<br />
" But there is still stronger evidence of the long duration of certain types. I have already stated that, as we<br />
work our way through the great series of the Tertiary formations, we find many species of animals identical with<br />
those which live at the present day, diminishing in numbers, it is true, but still existing, in a certain proportion, in<br />
the oldest of the Tertiary rocks. Furthermore, when we examine the rocks of the Cretaceous epoch, we find the<br />
remains of some animals which the closest scrutiny cannot show to be, in any important respect, difierent from those<br />
which five at the present time. That is the case with one of the cretaceous lamp-shells {Terebratula), which has<br />
continued to exist unchanged, or with insignificant variations, down to the present day. . . . Hence it must be<br />
admitted that certain existing species of animals show no distinct sign of modification, or transformation, in the<br />
course of a lapse of time as great as that which carries us back to the Cretaceous period ;<br />
absolute measure, is certainly vastly greater than 30,000 years."<br />
and which, whatever its<br />
^<br />
The marvel of the permanency of plants and animals on the earth is only surpassed by the marvel of their<br />
creation. It is difficult to reahse that from tiny specks of living matter the interminable races of plants and animals<br />
proceed, and that from one speck comes a highly complex form hke the bee, and from another a simple animal<br />
Uke the amoeba. The hving microscopic particles produce with equal facihty the smallest and largest plants and<br />
animals, as represented by the snow plant and Wellingtonia on the one hand, and by the zooid and leviathan, ancient<br />
and modern, on the other. The permanency of tiny hving specks, their refusal to coalesce and lose their identity,<br />
and their capacity to produce plants and animals " after their kind," argue the possession of wholly exceptional<br />
powers. These powers are inherent, and are in no way connected with irritability, extraneous stimulation, environ-<br />
ment, or chance. They afford examples of " means to ends," design, spontaneity, and vitality, and become wonderful<br />
in proportion to the care bestowed on their examination.<br />
The points of interest in the present connection are briefly these :<br />
(a) Plants and animals are arranged according to types.<br />
(b) The types are permanent and independent, and do not change into anything different from themselves.<br />
(c) Types are known to persist for very many thousand years.<br />
' " Lectures and Essays," by Thomas Henry Huxley (Macmillan's series). London, 1904, pages 22 and 23.<br />
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