Picture - Cosmic Polymath

Recommendations

Info

8o DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE XLIX {continued) Fig. 7.—Skeleton and outline of man (Homo sapiens). Shows longitudinal and transverse cleavage in arms and legs ; radiating cleavage in the hands and feet ; and transverse cleavage in the vertebral column and ribs, a, Shoulder joint (universal) ; b, elbow joint (spiral and hinge) ; c, wrist joint (universal in a way) ; d, hand joints (spiral and hinge ); a, b, humerus ; b, c, radius and ulna plaited and showing spirality ; c, d, bones of wrist and hand ; e, hip joint (universal) ; f, knee joint (spiral and hinge); g, ankle joint (universal in a way); h, foot joints (spiral and hinge); e, f, femur; /, g, tibia and fibula; g, /i, bones of foot. The spiral configuration of the bones forming the human skeleton is given at Plate xix., Figs. 3 and 4 ; Plate xx., Figs. 2 and 4 ; and Plate xxi., Figs. 1 and 2. The spiral configuration of the bones of the elephant is seen in Plate xx., Fig. 3. Fig. 8.—Dissection and drawing by the Author of the wings of the pheasant (Pliasianus colchicus). Shows extreme cleavage and radiation and large superficial area of the wings. Compare with Figs. 1 and 2 of this Plate. The right wing is extended, and shows the muscles of the slioulder, the muscles and elastic structures of the wing, and the arrangement of the primary and secondary feathers in the wing. The left wing is flexed, and displays the skin and elastic structures which assist in folding the wing as corrugated and puckered. For details of the anatomy of the wing see further on. PLATE L Plate 1. illustrates longitudinal cleavage and radiation in the travelKng organs of animals (caudal and other fins, flippers, feet, wings, &c.), and ho-w intimately these fundamental cleavage arrangements are associated with locomotion in all its forms. Fig. 1.—Shows a series of original drawings made for the Author by C. Berjeau in 1867 (vide Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi.). These drawings, taken from nature, reveal the important fact that the travelling organs of animals increase in size according as the medium traversed becomes more and more tenuous and affords less and less support. Thus the feet of the deer, adapted for land transit, are smaller than the feet of the bird, otter, frog, platypus, seal, and turtle adapted for swinmiing ; these, again, being smaller than the pseudo-wings of the flying fish, flying lizard, and flying lemur ; the latter being, in turn, smaller than the wings of insects, birds, and taats adapted for flight. The subjects are arranged with a view to comparison and to facilitate reference. A. Small foot of deer adapted to land transit. B. Webbed foot of otter slightly expanded. Adapted for land and water transit. C. Webbed foot of frog, considerably expanded. Adapted for land and water ; chiefly water. D. Webbed foot of platypus (duck mole), greatly expanded. Adapted chiefly for water. K. Webbed hind foot of seal, greatly expanded. Adapted mainly for water. F. Wings of swallow, enormously expanded. Adapted solely for aerial transit. Compare with foot of deer (A), adapted solely for land transit. G. Flippers of turtle, greatly expanded. Adapted almost exclusively for water, a, b, Anterior thick margin; c, posterior thin margin of fore flipper ; d, e, posterior thin margin of hind flipper. H. Tail and caudal fin of fish, largely expanded. Adapted wholly for water transit. The fish moves its tail laterally and with a the vibration occurring on either side of the mesial plane (a). spiral fignre-of-8 movement ; I. Tail and caudal fin of manatee (sea cow), greatly expanded as in fish. Adapted wholly for water transit. The tail moves vertically on either side of the mesial line (a), and makes a figure-of-8 track on the water, as happens in the fish. J. Portion of body and swimming wing and foot of penguin. The swimming wing is much smaller and stiffer than the flying wing. It twists and uiitwists in action and forms a beautiful screw (a, b, c). The swimming foot (d) is webbed, and larger than the un webbed terrestrial bird's foot. K. Flying-fish with greatly enlarged pectoral fin, which forms a pseudo-wing. It makes short flights, and connects the travelling organs adapted for the water and the air. L. Flying lizard with flying membrane (pseudo-wings) supported by its ribs. It glides from heights over considerable distances. M. The bat with its wings fully extended : tlie increase in the size of the travelling orgnns (wings) is excessive. Compare with the foot of the deer (A), the tail of the fish (H), the flipper of the turtle (G), and the flipper of the seal (E). The bat is adapted exclusively for aerial transit. N. Flying lemur with flying membrane supported by body, extremities and tail. The flying lizard (L) and flying lemur (N) connect the travelling organs adapted i'or the land and air. The increase in the extent of the surfaces engaged in transit is very considerable. Fig 2.—The tail of the herring {Glwpea harengus), drawn by C. Berjeau for the Author, in the closed, semi-closed, and fully e.xpanded condition. Shows longitudinal cleavage and radiation. The tail is the chief swimming organ, and no better example can be given of the utility of cleavage and radiation for the purposes of progression. The tail divaricates when making the figure-of-8 movements in swimming, and so alternately seizes and lets go the water on which the progress of the fish depends. The tail is a finelygraduated, flexible, elastic structure. Fig. 3.—The tail of the mackerel {Scomber scomber), drawn by C. Berjeau for the Author, in the closed and expanded condition Displays the same characteristics as the tail of the herring (Fig. 2). Fig. 4.—The heterocercal tail of a shark with the caudal portion of the vertebral column terminating in the upper or major lobe Shows longitudinal and radiating cleavage. The (jrgan, as in the fish, is finely graduated, flexible, and elastic. It tapers from "the root in every direction. Drawn by C. Berjeau from a specimen in the museum of the Author,
VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING CLEAVAGE Fig. 4. „./i^-K"j^ PLATE L Fifi. 2. Fig. 3, C.BERJEAU. 8i
Page 2:
A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
Page 5:
Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
Page 13 and 14:
TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
Page 15 and 16:
§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
Page 17 and 18:
CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
Page 19 and 20:
CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
Page 21 and 22:
§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
Page 23 and 24:
CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
Page 25 and 26:
§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
Page 27 and 28:
PREFACE The present work has attain
Page 29 and 30:
INTRODUCTION The present work natur
Page 31 and 32:
INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
Page 33 and 34:
INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
Page 35 and 36:
INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
Page 37 and 38:
INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
Page 39 and 40:
DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
Page 41 and 42:
STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
Page 43 and 44:
ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
Page 51 and 52:
PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 53 and 54:
PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 55 and 56:
VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
Page 57 and 58:
ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
Page 59 and 60:
SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
Page 61 and 62:
SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
Page 63 and 64:
SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
Page 65 and 66:
Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
Page 67 and 68: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
Page 69 and 70: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
Page 71 and 72: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
Page 73 and 74: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
Page 75 and 76: CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
Page 77 and 78: RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
Page 83 and 84: 1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
Page 85 and 86: § 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
Page 87 and 88: VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 89 and 90: DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 95 and 96: VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 97 and 98: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 99 and 100: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 101 and 102: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
Page 103 and 104: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
Page 105 and 106: CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
Page 107 and 108: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 109 and 110: CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
Page 111 and 112: RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
Page 113 and 114: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 115 and 116: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 117: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 121 and 122: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 123 and 124: TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
Page 125 and 126: j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
Page 127 and 128: vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
Page 129 and 130: RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
Page 131 and 132: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
Page 133 and 134: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
Page 135 and 136: THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
Page 137 and 138: SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
Page 139 and 140: ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
Page 141 and 142: UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
Page 143 and 144: force is so feeble that the chain o
Page 145 and 146: FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
Page 147 and 148: •'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
Page 149 and 150: THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
Page 151 and 152: THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
Page 153 and 154: MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 155 and 156: MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 157 and 158: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 159 and 160: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 161 and 162: ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
Page 163 and 164: LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
Page 169 and 170:
LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 13
Page 171 and 172:
A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
Page 173 and 174:
BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
Page 175 and 176:
VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
Page 177 and 178:
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
Page 187 and 188:
EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
Page 221 and 222:
THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
Page 223 and 224:
NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
Page 225 and 226:
NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
Page 227 and 228:
NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
Page 229 and 230:
INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
Page 231 and 232:
MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
Page 233 and 234:
Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
Page 235 and 236:
HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 237 and 238:
HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 239 and 240:
MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
Page 241 and 242:
PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 257 and 258:
THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 259 and 260:
TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
Page 261 and 262:
KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 263 and 264:
KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 265 and 266:
SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
Page 267 and 268:
GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
Page 269 and 270:
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
Page 271 and 272:
PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
Page 273 and 274:
EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
Page 275 and 276:
THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 277 and 278:
THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 279 and 280:
ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
Page 281 and 282:
INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
Page 283 and 284:
INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
Page 285 and 286:
EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
Page 287 and 288:
RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 289 and 290:
RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 291 and 292:
THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
Page 293 and 294:
THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
Page 295 and 296:
THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
Page 297 and 298:
NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300:
NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302:
NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
Page 303 and 304:
NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
Page 305 and 306:
NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
Page 307 and 308:
RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
Page 309 and 310:
RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
Page 311 and 312:
RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
Page 313 and 314:
RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
Page 315 and 316:
NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
Page 345 and 346:
Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
Page 347 and 348:
THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
Page 349 and 350:
Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
Page 351 and 352:
PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 353 and 354:
PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 365 and 366:
MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
Page 373 and 374:
PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
Page 375 and 376:
GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
Page 377 and 378:
GROMIA 339 the very border line as
Page 379 and 380:
GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
Page 381 and 382:
GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
Page 383 and 384:
ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
Page 385 and 386:
A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
Page 417 and 418:
§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
Page 419 and 420:
FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
Page 421 and 422:
FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
Page 423 and 424:
FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
Page 425 and 426:
DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
Page 427 and 428:
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
Page 429 and 430:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
Page 431 and 432:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
Page 433 and 434:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
Page 435 and 436:
PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
Page 437 and 438:
SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
Page 439 and 440:
TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
Page 441 and 442:
TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
Page 443 and 444:
CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
Page 445 and 446:
CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
Page 447 and 448:
DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
Page 455 and 456:
DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
Page 457 and 458:
DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
Page 459 and 460:
RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
show all

Picture - Cosmic Polymath

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?