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xxvi INTRODUCTION<br />
and degrees are directly or indirectly caused by the conditions of life to which each being, and more especially its<br />
ancestors, have been exposed."<br />
Dr. St. George Mivart states the case as follows : "It<br />
seems, then, to be undeniable that the characters and<br />
the variation of species are due to the combined action of internal and external agencies acting in a direct, positive<br />
and constructive manner." i It will be seen that Dr. Mivart, while attributing the characters and the variation<br />
of species to the operation of internal and external agencies, properly assigns the internal agency the first place.<br />
It has been customary of late years, especially on the Continent, to ignore a First Cause and the Design which<br />
a First Cause imphes, and to attribute the universe and everything it contains to a chance assemblage of material<br />
particles ; to matter fashioning itself ; to matter assuming movements and life, and, in the fulness of time, evolving<br />
from a monad to a man.<br />
Thus Professor Ernst Haeckel says : " The homogeneous, viscid, plasma substance, which singly and alone<br />
formed the bodies of the first organisms, and even at this day quite alone forms them in the case of the monera, or<br />
simplest amoebic forms, is analogous to the tenacious and viscid planetary substance which contains the elements<br />
and substance of the young earth, as well as the other glowing world bodies. In both cases the form of the creation<br />
happened, not through the capricious interference of a personal Creator, but through the original power of matter<br />
fashioning itself. Attraction and repulsion, centripetal force and centrifugal force, condensation and rarefaction of<br />
the material particles, are the only creative powers, which at this point lay the foundations of the complicated<br />
structure of creation." "<br />
This is the position taken up by extreme evolutionists. Nothing, however, is gained by accepting such an<br />
exacting hypothesis, which seeks to set aside a Creator, Design, and Law and Order in the old sense, and to sub-<br />
stitute what is practically a stone for bread. Ex nihilo nihil fit.<br />
Matter cannot possibly create itself, and cause and effect obtain in the Universe as we know it. It is more<br />
rational to believe in a First Cause and Design than to leave everything to a fortuitous concatenation of circum-<br />
stances. In the one case there is law and order and the adaptation of means to ends from the beginning ; in the<br />
other there is uncertainty, confusion, and marked disorder. The gulf between life and death is wide and deep,<br />
but evolutionists, with an assurance worthy of a better cause, perseveringly ask us to take a stupendous leap<br />
in the dark without, in a sense, looking before or behind. They say, in so many words, that inanimate or<br />
dead matter can create itself, can usurp life, can develop intellect, and can control and shape the destinies of<br />
men and nations.<br />
Every intelUgent being, however, who is capable of thinking and reasoning, has in himself the evidence of an<br />
absolutely opposite state of things. He laiows that he can control and change the shape of inanimate matter.<br />
He further knows that he can control and alter the direction of physical force.<br />
Notwithstanding all this, evolutionists calmly and confidently invite us to believe that matter, dead matter,<br />
is eternal and omnipotent, and that everything that exists is produced from it, in the lapse of time, by infinite per-<br />
mutations. They assert that, given sufficient time and sufficient modifications, " brut " matter assumes and exercises<br />
the prerogative of life and produces rudimentary plants and animals which trend upwards, and ultimately culmi-<br />
nate in man. Evolutionists assuredly make large demands upon our credulity, if not upon our reasoning faculties,<br />
and in doing so they intentionally or unintentionally take for granted what requires to be proved :<br />
theirs<br />
is a case<br />
of petitio principii pure and simple. Educated, thoughtful men may be pardoned if they gravely shake their heads<br />
and refuse to accept a theory which virtually asks them to suppress their reasoning powers, and to keep their iudements<br />
indefinitely in abeyance.<br />
There are serious objections to the evolutionist view in its extreme form. Thus there are breaches of continuitv<br />
and gaps in the geological record which apparently cannot be bridged over. There are, moreover, existing plants<br />
and animals on which little or no change has occurred for untold ages. It happens also, that when a race of plants<br />
and animals becomes extinct, they are, in not a few instances, replaced by forms not occupying a higher position<br />
in the scale of being. The continuous upward trend claimed for plants and animals by evolutionists is not uniform<br />
or universal. Certain plants and animals in geological time culminate or attain perfection and then deteriorate or<br />
altogether disappear. Parasites, in many cases, afford examples of retrogression.<br />
Egyptian and Chaldean tombs, monuments, temples, and writings conclusively show that man has not chano- d<br />
perceptibly for at least 6000 years. The same is to be said of many plants. Mr. William Carruthers a hi h<br />
authority in botany, has shown (British Association Proceedings, 1886) that the earhest vegetable sneci<br />
described by Dr. Schweinfurth from the Egyptian tombs present no appearance of change. This fact aDnears 1<br />
in the leaves and other organs of plants preserved in the nodules of the Pleistocene clays of the Ottawa a H '<br />
specimens of similar age found in various places in Britain and the Continent of Europe. One of his illustr f<br />
' " Oi] tlie Development of the Indiridual and the Species." {Proceedings of the Zoological Societi/, Jixue 17. 1884 p 472 1<br />
Ilaeckol, " Natvlrliche Schopfimgsgesohichte, " ]>. 266. Berlin, 1868.