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254 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
Looking at the subject of rhythm not as an isolated fact in physiology, but as one of a great series of movements<br />
universal in their nature and extent, I am disposed to regard it as a primary endowment not confined to any<br />
particular living substance, but inhering in all to a greater or less extent, and capable of manifesting itself in plant<br />
and animal protoplasm, in rudimentary tissues, and in fully-developed muscular fibres, &c.<br />
Rhythmic movements, as explained, are not peculiar to the organic kingdom. They occur also in the inorganic<br />
kingdom. The recurrence of day and night, the seasons, the rise and fall of the tides, &c., afford examples of<br />
inorganic rhythms. The inorganic rhythms are, so to speak, the harbingers or parents of the organic ones. This<br />
follows, because plants and animals derive all the materials which enter into their composition, and not a Httle of<br />
the force which actuates them, from the inorganic kingdom.<br />
The rhythmic movements in plants and animals are essentially give-and-take movements, and, as such, are<br />
fundamental ; that is, they are inseparable from life, and form a dominant factor of it ; they furnish the means by<br />
which hfe is continued. They are spontaneous original movements which are co-extensive with life. They begin<br />
with life and only terminate with death. They are not dependent on anything but themselves ; they are not the<br />
result of irritation or any form of stimulation, external or internal. They are the media through which, and by<br />
which, pabulum and power are supplied to hving organisms.<br />
Plants and animals could not exist as apart from rhythmic movements. Plants and animals take from and<br />
return to the inorganic kingdom all the materials, gases, fluids, and solids which enter into and circulate within their<br />
bodies. The give-and-take movements imply a double power in living structures—a power to take from and return<br />
to—a power to appropriate, to circulate, to distribute nutritious juices, and a power to get rid of the effete or waste<br />
products produced by vito-chemical and other changes.<br />
This double power of feeding and of transmitting the food through and out of the bodies of plants and animals<br />
is a sine qud non of existence. It is the distinctive prerogative of life. Life without rhythmic movements, or their<br />
equivalents, in one shape or other, would be impossible. Rhythmic movements are, in a sense, at once the cause<br />
and the outcome of life, and they are manifested in the lowest as well as the highest plants and animals. They<br />
are, moreover, within limits, the mainspring of life, and are not only inherent in the structures in which they occur,<br />
but they are also, for the wisest of purposes, incontrollable by any power existing in plants and animals. It is not<br />
possible to discontinue or stop the movements of the heart for more than a few seconds, or the chest for more<br />
than a few minutes. These go on day and night, from the cradle to the grave. Rhythmic movements are the<br />
outcome of the operation of vital laws which apply to all plants and animals. They are not dependent on the<br />
presence even of cells, and they certainly occur in numberless cases where no trace of either muscles or nerves can<br />
be detected.<br />
They, moreover, occur in substances and tissues which, in the normal condition, are in no sense irritable.<br />
Neither are they naturally caused by, or in any way regulated by, external artificial stimuli. It is mere assump-<br />
tion and abuse of language to say that rhythmic movements are the result either of irritation, excitation, or<br />
stimulation.<br />
It is inconceivable that living substances and structures created for the express purpose of taking in food<br />
(gaseous, hquid, and sohd), circulating the same, and ejecting the waste products, should be dependent for their<br />
movements on inherent irritability or stimulation of any kind, especially external stimulation. Living structures<br />
move deliberately and to given ends spontaneously, as apart from all kinds of collateral aids. They are prime<br />
movers in the most emphatic sense. They set matter in motion, and are not themselves set in motion by matter,<br />
unless under abnormal exceptional circumstances.<br />
Rhythmic movements are fundamental and essential to plants and animals. They cannot be separated from<br />
them without serious impairment or loss of hfe. Anything which destroys the respiratory or circulatory movements<br />
necessarily results in death : the continuance of rhythms is essential to the continuance of Hfe.<br />
In speaking of rhythms it is important to bear in mind that there are various kinds of rhythms, all more or<br />
less necessary to the continuation of hfe, and therefore fundamental ; thus there is the rhythm of feeding, fasting<br />
and defsecating ; the rhythm of circulating air and nutritive juices ; the rhythm of working and resting the<br />
rhythm of sleeping and waking ; the rhythm of hibernating and rousing at long intervals ; the rhythm of repro-<br />
duction, &c. These several rhythms supply singly, or in the aggregate, the most incontestable evidences of life with<br />
which we are acquainted. It is not too much to affirm that their temporary or permanent suspension in every<br />
instance results in the dangerous impairment or death of the individual. All living things require food air fluids<br />
semi-fluids, and sohds : they have to circulate their nutritious juices, to work and rest, to sleep and wake to re-<br />
produce themselves, &c. The activities involved in obtaining food, circulating nutritious juices, reproduction &c<br />
originate in the plant or animal : they express the potentiahties of the individual. If one or more fails death sooner<br />
or later supervenes.