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236 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
and famine which occasionally alarm and shock humanity, are part of a great role whose objective physiologically<br />
is the ultimate well-being of plants and animals, man included. The temptations, trials, and sacrifices incidental<br />
to hfe, even in its highest forms, have a meaning and a value, and it is for us to discover or endeavour to discover<br />
the final purpose, and bow to the inevitable.<br />
If we regard the organic part of creation only, it will be seen that death is a necessary part of life, and that<br />
suffering in one form or other, in many cases, precedes the highest enjoyment.<br />
§ 43. Plants and Animals subject to Disease.<br />
Plants and animals are subject to epidemics, which at certain periods carry them off in untold numbers. They<br />
are also a prey to bacteria, microbes, and parasites of all kinds. These epidemics, very appalling while they last,<br />
generally correct some suspected or known evil. Even disease has a function in removing weaklings and im-<br />
proving the general stock. Certain correctives have to be appUed to both plants and animals to keep them in a<br />
normal condition. Weeds have to be extirpated among plants, and the fecundity of animals kept within bounds<br />
by wholesale slaughter for food and other purposes. Overcrowding in plants and animals invariably results in<br />
famine or disease. There is a balance in organic nature which, if disturbed, necessarily results in mischief. It is<br />
a mistake to preserve too closely, and to destroy birds and beasts<br />
and other diseases are largely due to overcrowding.<br />
of prey in too great numbers : the grouse, salmon,<br />
Slight variations as regards locaHty, soil, and climate are necessary to the well-being of plants and animals.<br />
Plants and animals confined within small, circumscribed areas degenerate. Change and cross-breeding become<br />
sooner or later a necessity ; hence the rotating of crops in husbandry, and the introduction of new blood in the<br />
production of prize stock.<br />
What holds true of plants and animals also holds true of man. He too is subject to epidemics, and from very<br />
similar causes. He suffers from famine ; he makes war, and is in turn assailed, decimation occurring on either side ;<br />
he overcrowds, and pays a heavy penalty in the shape of fevers, consumption, cholera, and other deadly ailments.<br />
The marriage of blood relatives, if long persisted in, results in mental and bodily weakness, and, in many cases, early<br />
death. The city population is never so robust as that of the country, and the blood of the inhabitants of the<br />
country must commingle with that of the inhabitants of the city in order to maintain a fair average of health.<br />
The normal conditions of plants and animals are due to a large number of circumstances over which we have<br />
very little control. Many of these are exceedingly baleful in character if individuals only are considered. The<br />
baleful character, as a rule, disappears when the good of the race is taken into account. All the so-called evils have<br />
their uses in the organic kingdom. They keep plants and animals within bounds, preserve the balance of nature,<br />
and maintain a higher standard than would otherwise be possible. Similarly, volcanic eruptions, floods, denudations,<br />
glaciers, the elevation and depression of land, extremes of temperature and climate, great winds, &c., make and<br />
keep the earth, as a whole, habitable for plants and animals. If the volcano and other great natural forces produce<br />
local havoc, their action is nevertheless beneficent when the finality of things comes to be considered.<br />
THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM<br />
In considering the universe as a working system I am forced to fall back upon a Creator or First Cause an<br />
intellectual Designer of means to ends—an Upholder and Controller of everything which is, and without Whom no<br />
change can occur either in the tiniest atoms or in the most ponderous bodies known to science.<br />
To the Creator or First Cause is to be attributed the production of all matter, inorganic and organic, and all<br />
force, physical, vital, and mental. Everything that is exists by and through the Creator : it is what it is because<br />
the Creator made it : the<br />
thing does not make itself : nothing happens by accident, and nothing is left to chance.<br />
There is no room for spontaneous generation, or for modifications of living things which are not intended and pro-<br />
vided for. It is not possible by any supposed laws or formulae to exclude the Creator from His own universe and<br />
the extraordinary way in which everything hangs together and is inter-dependent and correlated tends to show' that<br />
all is referrible to one master mind, which is continuously at work. The recurrence of day and night and the seasons,<br />
so necessary to the well-being of plants and animals ; the arrangements for their activity and repose, and for their<br />
proper nourishment and habitation ; all testify to unity of plan and harmony as between the Creator and the thing<br />
created. Nothing is out of joint. According to this view inorganic and organic matter, and physical, vital, and<br />
mental force, have a common origin. They are parts of a great whole, where the parts perform harmonious functions.<br />
The parts are in no sense inimical or hostile to each other when the whole plan is considered. While the Creator<br />
may, in a sense, and for dialectic purposes, be regarded as distinct from the thing created. He nevertheless pene-