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358 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
swimming tails ; those which fly have greatly expanded wings (Plate 1., Fig. 1, letters A to N inclusive). These<br />
remarks apply to all animals without distinction : to animals with and without a skeleton, and with and without<br />
limbs. The laws of locomotion are inexorable to the extent, that the animals frequenting the land, the water, and<br />
the air respectively, must be provided with travelling organs and surfaces adapted to at least one of the three highways<br />
of nature. The quadruped cannot swim so well as the fish, and the fish cannot fly so well as the insect, bat,<br />
and bird. The animals which excel in walking, swimming, and flying are of necessity provided with special walking,<br />
swimming, and flying organs. The sea-mammals, such as the porpoises and whales, are fish-shaped, and supplied<br />
with the expanded fUppers (modified fins) and tails which characterise fishes. The reptiles which take to the water<br />
are furnished with expanded feet, flippers, or a broadly expanded swimming tail ; the fishes which fly are endowed<br />
with large, powerful, pectoral fins resembling wings, and the insects, bats, and birds which indulge in aerial loco-<br />
motion are, in every instance, equipped with greatly expanded pinions. Whatever the nature of the animal, its<br />
travelling organs are, and must be, adapted to one or more of the highways of nature.<br />
As further illustrating the special modifications and adaptations manifested in the locomotion of animals it<br />
may be stated that animals with small feet, such as the horse, deer, dog, and hare among mammals, and the emu<br />
and ostrich among birds, confine their movements almost exclusively to the land : those with expanded feet, such<br />
as the otter, platypus, seal, sea-lion, and walrus, restricting their operations largely to the water. The modifications<br />
and adaptations are even more marked in the sea-mammals, which have fish-shaped bodies, and can only swim and<br />
dive. The same is true of the penguins among birds. These have small rudimentary wings hke flippers, and are<br />
most expert swimmers and divers, but most awkward, imperfect walkers. The flying fish, because of its greatly<br />
expanded pectoral fins, can make considerable excursions in the air, and the flying squirrel, galeopithecus, and flying<br />
dragon, which have large integumentary membranes extending between their anterior and posterior extremities on<br />
either side of the body, can take long leaps and glide parachute-fashion from elevations, trees, &c. The bat, the<br />
only mammal which now flies, has very large, splendid wings, their area exceeding that of the wings of many birds.<br />
As in the present, so in the past. Time was when the extinct reptile fish, the Ichthyosaurus, swam fish-like by<br />
the aid of a swimming tail and by flippers ; the extinct reptile bird, the Plesiosaurus, swimming by the aid of flippers<br />
alone. The extinct reptiles, the Pterodaotyles, were provided with ample wings and flew in the air. The extinct<br />
sea -mammals, the Halitherium and Ehytina, were fish-shaped and adopted the fish form of locomotion. The<br />
extinct birds, the Dinornis giganteus, the Apteryx, and Dodo, had strong legs ;<br />
the wings being very rudimentary.<br />
They ran but could not fly. The various animals, past and present (whatever their nature) had to be provided<br />
with suitable organs of locomotion for the land, the water, or the air. No animal is equally well adapted for walk-<br />
ing, swimming, and flying. If it walks and runs well, it, as a rule, swims indifferently : if it swims well, it, for the<br />
most part, walks and runs badly : if it flies well, the chances are it neither swims nor walks well. There are, it<br />
should be stated, insects and birds which walk, swim, and fly indiscriminately, but they never attain to perfection<br />
in all three kinds of locomotion. The eagle, vulture, kite, falcon, and other large birds of prey fly magnificently,<br />
but jump and hobble when they attempt to walk : they cannot swim. The albatross, swift, swallow, and bat, while<br />
among the best of flyers, can scarcely be said to walk : the albatross only can swim. The penguin flies with great<br />
velocity under the water, but cannot fly in the air ; neither can it walk with any degree of steadiness. There are<br />
other birds, such as the grouse, partridge, and pheasant, which run and fly well but cannot swim. In all this there<br />
IS design and law and order. If one or more of the three great highways of nature are to be traversed, the mechanical<br />
conditions of the highway or highways must be satisfied, and the animal, whatever its nature, must be provided<br />
not only with the organs and surfaces requisite, but it must possess the power and the skill to apply the organs and<br />
surfaces so as to obtain the reactions necessary for propulsion, or for propulsion and support. Animals could not<br />
maintain their places in nature unless they were differentiated and modified as regards the sense and other organs<br />
to adapt them to their peculiar modes of life. The developing frog in its tadpole stage illustrates the fish-tail<br />
swimming arrangement. In this particular case there is no time to manufacture a swimming tail according to the<br />
plan advocated by Mr. Darwin and the Evolutionists. The accidental trifling modifications, extending over vast<br />
periods, required by " natural selection " and " evolution " are wholly absent. The same is true of the young fish.<br />
The fish develops from an egg in which there is no trace of a swimming tail. A tail, however, as in the tadpole, is<br />
developed in a surprisingly short time and before our eyes. The fish-tail is not an accidental but a pre-determined<br />
structure. It is arranged for in the development of the fish from the egg. The young fish grows in two directions<br />
—dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal portion includes the back-bone, muscles, nerves, chief blood-vessels, &c. ; the<br />
ventral portion the ahmentary canal, glandular system, &c. At first there is no mouth, alimentary canal, or vent<br />
the young fish being provided with a ventral bag of pabulum, which is gradually absorbed as development proceeds.<br />
The young fish is not permitted to die of inanition during development, from neglect or the absence of a First Cause<br />
and design. At the same time that the bag of pabulum is being absorbed, a mouth and perfect alimentary canal