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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS 151<br />
other words, parents cannot transmit to their offspring a theological, legal, medical, or scientific training, acquired<br />
habits, tricks of trade, handicrafts, &c., learned and practised by them during their lives. The philosopher cannot<br />
transmit his book lore, the watchmaker his deft fingers, or the blacksmith his strong arm. While the arts<br />
slightly modify pro tern, those parts of individuals trained in particular directions, they do not alter the atoms and<br />
molecules and the cells and sexual elements of the race.<br />
While the cells cannot be fundamentally altered by any form of training, they can, nevertheless, be improved<br />
as regards volume and quality. This is the case in nerve cells, especially those occurring in the brain. The brain<br />
of educated modern man is larger and of better quahty than that of the untutored savage. Education is based<br />
on the capacity for improvement of the cerebral nerve centres of the individual up to a point. Mere education,<br />
however, can never convert a weak into a strong brain : poets are born, not made. All the transmissible mental<br />
pecuharities are the outcome of originally inherited brain cells. The most that can be said in favour of the<br />
transmission of acquired characters is that by the continued cultivation for long periods of the cerebral nerve cells<br />
in specific directions men and animals occasionally acquire certain tendencies and facilities ; the offspring of the bookworm<br />
has a penchant for learning ; the children of hunting tribes take naturally to the chase ; the sheep-dog<br />
rounds up sheep, and the sporting dog finds and sets at game. The tendencies and facihties referred to are,<br />
however, by no means constant, and cannot consequently be regarded as genuine examples of the transmission of<br />
acquired characters. Not unfrequently a strong intellectual father is succeeded by a weak imbecile son.<br />
The advances of, and improvements in, types are traceable to original conformation and to favouring circum-<br />
stances which individuals, in many cases, cannot control, but of which they freely avail themselves. The over-bred,<br />
over-trained racehorse is not unfrequently beaten by a rank outsider, and a city to be healthy physically and mentally<br />
must have its old effete blood frequently mixed with fresh young blood from the country.<br />
All biological problems, whether physical or mental, must ultimately be referred to the atoms and molecules<br />
of cells, and transmission and heredity are, in a sense, fixed quantities ; that is, they are not subject to accidental<br />
fluctuations such as are claimed by Mr. Darwin in the production of species. Chance modifications at best influence<br />
heredity only for brief intervals— plants and animals tending to breed back to their stereotyped originals.<br />
The cell theory lends itself more to development than to evolution. Evolution imphes and carries with it the<br />
idea of involution. We cannot take out what is not originally put in. Cells can develop or grow and repeat<br />
themselves, but there are no grounds for beheving that they can alter themselves and assume new forms and<br />
functions, which they would require to do if, in the lapse of time, they produced entirely new plants and animals,<br />
as stated by evolutionists. Slight varieties and modifications in plants and animals (which are corrected in time)<br />
do not countenance the theory of evolution, which requires the manufacture of plants and animals out of each<br />
other by one long, continuous, unbroken process.<br />
It is convenient to regard the cell as the structural unit from which all the tissues of the body, normal and<br />
abnormal, proceed.<br />
The cell theory in the hands of Schleiden and Schwann estabhshed a common ground as between plants and<br />
animals, and enabled Kolliker and Remak to point out similar relations in embryology. It also permitted the great<br />
Scottish anatomist. Professor John Goodsir, and the no less celebrated Professor Rudolph Virchow, to demonstrate<br />
that " the various functions of the body, in health and disease, are but the outward expression of cell-activities."<br />
Goodsir added much to our knowledge of the cell, and was clearly the pioneer and founder of the " Cellular<br />
Pathology " which bulks so largely in modern medicine and surgery. As Goodsir's views, though very important,<br />
are comparatively httle known, it is necessary to give a brief summary of them in this place. I quote from his<br />
" Anatomical and Biographical Memoirs," published in 1868.^<br />
" like all the early observers of ' the cell,' Goodsir met with difficulties. Granted a cell, with its walls, its<br />
contents, its nucleus and nucleolus, what then ? Did the formation of cells depend on an endogenous or exogenous<br />
growth, a fissiparous division, or a gemmiferous thrusting forth of new cells or materials ? Theory often ran in<br />
advance of observation, and Goodsir, too anxious for a foremost place in the race of competition, went boldly onwards.<br />
This mode of procedure could excite no surprise ; histology was an almost untrodden field, the explorers of which<br />
were enthusiastic and impressionable. Goodsir, no less speculative than scientific, was not the least conspicuous<br />
supporter of the new doctrines that bid fair, at one time, to make the cell the whole science of life. Of the lectures<br />
dehvered (by him) in the theatre of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in the summer of 1842 and winter<br />
of 1842-4:3, a portion was devoted to the consideration of practical subjects—for example, surgical pathology ;<br />
another portion embraced anatomical and physiological questions of current, or rather special, interest to the younger<br />
members of his audience, and were afterwards woven into a work — ' Anatomical and Pathological Observations<br />
{vid-e vol. xi. p. 387).<br />
1 "Anatomical Memoirs, with a Biographical Memoir," A. & C. Black, Edinburgh,