394 DESIGN IN NATURE § 79. Career of the Unimpregnated and Impregnated Human Ovum. There is the greatest possible difierence between the unimpregnated and impregnated ovum. The former, although a living thing, dies sooner or later after reaching the uterus, and is, in due course, discharged with the catamenia. The impregnated ovum, on the other hand, quickened as it were by contact with the male element, embarks upon a new career ; upon a series of the most complicated and extraordinary changes with which it is possible for even the professional mind to deal. Those who endeavour to explain all physiological action by the theory of irritability and artificial stimulation would doubtless argue that the male element (spermatozoon) irritates and excites the female element (ovum). The argument, if employed, would be a mere assumption. The male and female elements are equally alive : they are independent yet interdependent entities, and are absolutely necessary to each other so far as reproduction is con- cerned. The male element is not more necessary to this act than the female element. They are physiologically of equal value. Their coming together and interpenetration is not due to irritation or extraneous stimulation, as generally understood, but to pre-determined vital arrangements. The male element seeks the female one, and when it finds it, it literally buries itself therein : the lashing, vibratile movements of the spermatozoon cannot be referred to the virtually stationary ovum which, at the outset, is nowhere near. The spermatozoon is endowed with inde- pendent movements, and the ovum is moved along by the action of cilia in the Fallopian tube ; it being arranged that the male and female elements shall infallibly meet. The movements of the spermatozoon, the cilia, and the ovum are all independent of each other. They are simply means to ends, and the palpable outcome of design. There is no need for either irritabihty or stimulation in the case. In the whole range of science I question if a better example of design, or of adaptation of means to ends, can be found than is supplied by the history of a human ovum before and after impregnation. The impregnated human ovum runs through a whole gamut of changes, some of them as puzzling as they are formidable. It is to be credited with changes in itself, as well as changes in the mother, of the most far-reaching description, and I venture to assert that not one of the numerous changes referred to can be regarded as accidental or the result of irritation or artificial stimulation.' The changes are in every instance spontaneous, independent, and vital, and they are all foreseen and provided for from the beginning. The changes are the result of co-ordinated movements in the hard and soft parts, partly in the foetus and partly in the mother ; and the changes in the mother keep pace with those in the foetus, so that when the period of parturition arrives the child is free to breathe pure air and regale itself with maternal milk prepared for it beforehand. This production of a nutrient, all-sustaining fluid, constitutes the final stage of a superlatively interesting series of developmental acts. The babe and its milk are no chance products. They come together at precisely the right time, and afford overwhelming evidence not only of a Designer, but also of an over- ruhng and ever-watchful Providence. § 80. Development of the Brain and Vessels of the Body—Placental and Foetal Circulation— Successive Changes witnessed in the Growing Parts. It may interest the reader and serve a good purpose if, at this stage, I give a very brief account of the history of an impregnated human ovum. The impregnated ovum, when it reaches the interior of the uterus, which it usually does about the eighth day after coitus, is, roughly speaking, about the size of a small pin head, and consists of a vitellus and vitelline membrane ; the germmation vesicle and germinative spot (which are prominent parts of the ovum before it leaves the ovary) having disappeared. The ovum when it first reaches the Fallopian tube measures as nearly as may be ^.i^ of an inch, and when it leaves the tube from J5 to .Jj of an inch. The hving, impregnated ovum attaches itself to the living mucous surface of the interior of the uterus, usually its posterior portion. The union is at first of the most casual description. By-and-by it becomes more intimate, but at best it is temporary in character ; the ovum, the embryo, and the foetus, as I pointed out in 1872,i occupying the position of parasites as far as the parent is concerned. They are living things which derive their sustenance from the mother, and when the period of parturition arrives, the temporary, but withal intimate, union is severed by a natural process akin to the separation of the leaf from a tree in autumn. Neither the original union with, nor final separation from, the parent occasions much difficulty, both being natural processes. That part of the mucous hning of the uterus which the ovum originally touches, and to which it adheres, is termed the decidua serotina, the parts of the hning in its vicinity the decidua vera, and the parts which are said to curve up over the ovum (a modification which I have never seen demonstrated) the decidua reflexa. When the ovum has comfortably settled itself in the mucous lining of the uterus of the mother, it immediately begins to imbibe " Tlie Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in JVlan." Edinburgh Medical Jirurnal, 1872-73.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSELS OF THE BODY 395 nourishment by a vital osmosis ; the pabulum being, as indicated, mainly supphed by the Hquor sanguinis, by the uterine glands and secretions of the mother. As yet the ovum reveals no internal structure. Very soon the process of segmentation of the vitellus and the formation of the blastodermic and other membranes begin. This process has been already described, and need not be repeated. In the human embryo and foetus various and important accessory structures and fluids are developed and produced. The chief of them are the chorion, amnion, and their special fluids ; the umbihcal vesicle, the allantois, the umbihcal cord, and the foetal portion of the placenta. They are seen at Plate xcii., Fig. 1, page 396. foetus ; PLATE XCII Plate xcii. illustrates the development of the impregnated human ovum in its several stages as embryo and also the development of the brain, blood-vessels, &c. Fig. 1.—a to L inclusive. Represent changes occurring in the impregnated human ovum during gestation (after Crusius). A. Human ovum two weeks old, natural size. B. Human ovum two weeks old, twice natural size, a. Ovum embedded in mucous lining of uterus, namely, the decidua vera (b, b), decidua serotina (c), and decidua reflexa (rf) ; e, villi of chorin. 0. Human embryo three weeks old, half natural size, a, Body of embryo ; b, decidua ; c, amnion ; d, chorin ; e, villi of chorin /, umbilical vesicle. D. The same as 0, three times natural size (lateral view), a, b, c. Anterior, middle, and posterior brain ; d, eye vesicle e, ear vesicle ; /, visceral arches ; g, navel; h, primitive segments (vertebral column) ; i, amnion ; ;, allantois ; k, umbilical vesicle. E. The same as D, still more magnified (frontal view), a, b, Frontal and mid-brain d, ; eye vesicle placed laterally ; i; aperture of mouth ; s, maxillary process ; /, the four visceral arches. By the third week the embryo measures one-sixth of an inch in length and is covered with villi ; the allantois reaches the chorion ; the primitive circulation is established, the back is curved, and visceral arches appear. Traces of primary brain, eye and ear vesicles are distinguishable. The alimentary canal occurs as a straight tube and the mouth as a five-sided orifice. F. Human embryo tour weeks old, natural size, a, Body of embryo ; r, amnion ; d, chorion with villi (e) ; /, cavity of chorion ; navel ; h, umbilical vesicle. (J, By the fourth week the embryo measures one-third of an inch in length. The chorion is wholly covered with villi and the umbilical vesicle fully developed. The eyes are seen as two black dots, the superior and lower extremities appearing as buds. The proto-vertebrse (future vertebral column) are also well marked, and terminate in a caudal portion or tail. G. Human embryo four weeks old, three times natural size, a, Head with eye, ear, and anterior, middle, and posterior brain ; /, visceral arches ; i, amnion ; m, superior and inferior (n) limbs appearing as buds ; h, h', rudimentary column ending in a caudal portion ; o, foetal portion of placenta ; k, umbilical vesicle. H. Human uterus with embryo five weeks old (semi-diagrammatic), u, a, a, Walls of uterus ; b, cavity of uterus ; c, os uteri d, cervix uteri with plug of mucus to seal the entrance ; e, decidua vera ; /, decidua reflexa ; g, decidua serotina ; h, villi of chorion. The embryo is seen enlarged at I. 1. Human embryo five weeks old, twice natural size, a, Head with face, eyes, ears assuming shape ; c, amnion invests embryo ; m, n, superior and inferior extremities growing, fingers and toes forming ; o, foetal portion of placenta with villi composed of fine loops of blood-vessels ; p, allantoic vein ; r, chorion ; h, yolk sac and vitellus ; I, vitelline stalk. J. Human foetus seven weeks old, half natural size. (The term fcetus takes the place of embryo when the parts assume shape.) I', Chorion ; s, villi of chorion ; t, blood-vessels of umbilical cord spreading on the inside of the chorion ; u, amnion enveloping fcetus : V, body of foetus ir, umbilical vesicle. ; K. Human foetus eight weeks old. The shape of the body is now clearly indicated, a, b, c, anterior, middle, and posterior portions of head and brain ; d, eyelids forming ; e, ear forming ; m, superior and inferior (») extremities show main divisions of limbs, and the hands and feet fairly formed .'', ; body of uterus assuming shape, the caudal portion diminishing. L. Human fcetus twelve weeks old within the amnion, half natural size, u, Amnion with fluid investing the foetus and guarding it against accident ; /, chorion ; o, o, villi of chorion with fine loops of blood-vessels forming fatal portion of placenta ; x, body head, face, eyes, ears, and superior and inferior extremities well defined. Note.—For placental and foetal circulation, see Plate xcv., Figs. 1 and 3, p. 407. of"foetus well formed ; Fig. 2.—Plan of section of uterus with fully formed ovum (human), g, Mucous lining or membrane of uterus, opposite placenta (decidua serotina of authors) ; '), c, lining membrane on body of uterus (decidua vera of authors) ; d, lining membrane of fcetus (decidua reflexa of authors). This membrane (e) is found on the free surfaces of the chorionic villi (a), being in fact the mucous lining of the chorion. Such parts of it as are not engaged in covering the chorionic villi become thinned away and disappear towards the full term. It may, however, always be found on the free or uterine surface of a normal placenta. .:(., Chorionic villi constituting foetal portion of placenta (the maternal portion is formed by capillary vessels found in mucous lining, ;/) ; h, chorion, from which the chorionic villi spring ; /, amnion ; i, umbilical vesicle ; ;, Fallopian tube. Note.—Aa pregnancy advances the parts marked c, ii, ;/ approach each other, and become accurately apposed. The same holds true of the parts marked b and d. This apposition and blending of maternal and fcetal structures facilitates the exchange (chiefly by osmosis) of nutritive and eflfete materials between parent and oft'spring (the Author). Fig. 3.—Face or front views of various embryos as seen in man (A), in the cat (B), in the sheep (C), and in the bat (D) (after Haeckel). These resemble each other, and bespeak a general plan as represented by types and as apart from and independent of evolution. Fig. 4.—Circulatory systems of the fcetus. , . , • , c ii A. Truncus arteriosus, with one pair of aortic arches (a, a'), and dotted Imes indicatmg the future position of the second and third pairs of aortic arches. These are numbered 1, 2, 3. b, Thoracic aorta. • • i m i B. Truncus arteriosus with four pairs of aortic arches (a, a'), and indications of the fifth aortic arch. Ihe aortic arches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. b, Thoracic aorta ; i; external carotid d, internal carotid. ; , c , , C. Truncus arteriosus with three posterior pairs of aortic arches («, o') from which the permanent vessels of the embryo are developed, with dotted lines showing the position of the two (now) obliterated anterior arches (6, //). c, External carotid ; d, internal carotid ; e, thoracic aorta ; /,/, vertebral arteries ; g, g', axillary arteries ; h, subclavian arteries.
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 13
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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