You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i<br />
The theory of spontaneous generation of life de novo (a) has been proved to be untenable by direct experiments<br />
frequently repeated.<br />
The theory that matter—all matter—is in some simple sense alive (b) makes demands on the imagination which<br />
the theory does not satisfy. " Looking upon the atom as the essential thing in the vmiverse, the various motions<br />
of the atom are by this school supposed to be accompanied by a species of consciousness inconceivably simple.<br />
Under certain circumstances this eternal and immortal consciousness is supposed to be consistent with that which<br />
we call the life of the individual, while under other circumstances these two lives are not consistent with one<br />
another. The individual then dies, but nevertheless the simple, immortal lives of the atoms which compose his<br />
body remain attached to them as truly as before." ^<br />
The addition of life to matter by a separate act of creation (c) is the theory generally accepted, and most<br />
probably the correct one.<br />
The hfe-transmission hypothesis (d) has been advocated by two of the ablest physicists of modern times, namely<br />
Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Professor Helmholtz. Curiously enough, these celebrated savants arrived<br />
at practically similar conclusions independently and at nearly the same time. If, however, it be granted that<br />
the life of our planet has been derived from other planets, tJie problem of life is not thereby solved : the question then<br />
is, Whence came the Ufe which exists in the transmitting planet or planets 1<br />
Lord Kelvin attempted to explain the origin of the material universe by the vortex-ring hypothesis, and<br />
gravitation by a modification of the hypothesis of ultra-mundane corpuscles. He affirms " that atoms are vortex-<br />
rings generated out of a perfect fluid filling all space," and supposes " that the ultra-mundane corpuscles are<br />
only a finer form of vortices." His behef that the life of our globe was transmitted from other planets by<br />
meteors is, in a certain sense, in accordance with the principles of continuity. It is, however, at best only a<br />
partial explanation. Helmholtz states his case as under : " If failure attends all our efforts to obtain a generation<br />
of organisms fi'om lifeless matter, it seems to me a thoroughly correct procedure to inquire whether there has<br />
ever been an origination of life, or whether it is not as old as matter, and whether its germs, borne from one<br />
world to another, have not been developed wherever they have found a favourable soil." ^<br />
Professor Stokes thus speaks of hfe : " Admitting to the full as highly probable, though not completely demon-<br />
strated, the applicability to living beings of the laws which have been ascertained with reference to dead matter,<br />
I felt constrained at the same time to admit the existence of a mysterious something lying beyond, a something<br />
sui generis which I regard, not as balancing and suspending the ordinary physical laws, but as working with them<br />
and through them to the attainment of a designed end. What this something which we call life may be is a pro-<br />
found mystery. . . When<br />
from the phenomena of life we pass on to those of mind, we enter a region still more<br />
profoundly mysterious. We can readily imagine that we may here be dealing with phenomena altogether tran-<br />
scending those of mere life, in some such way as those of life transcend, as I have endeavoured to infer, those of<br />
chemistry and molecular attractions, or as the laws of chemical affinity in their turn transcend those of mere<br />
mechanics. Science can be expected to do but little to aid us here, since the instrument of research is itself the<br />
object of investigation. It can but enlighten us as to the depths of our ignorance, and lead us to look to a<br />
higher aid for that which most nearly concerns our well-being." ^<br />
Professors Stewart and Tait follow a similar line of argument. They say : " Life, whatever be its nature,<br />
may be supposed to penetrate into the structural depths of the universe. Its seat is in a region inaccessible to<br />
human inquiry, and equally inaccessible, we may well suppose, to the inquiries of the higher created intelligences.<br />
Intimations of its presence are no doubt constantly emerging from this region of thick darkness into the objective<br />
universe, but when they have reached it they obey the ordinary laws of phenomena, according to which a material<br />
effect impUes a material antecedent. Notwithstanding all this, life exists just as surely as the Deity exists. . . .<br />
We have driven the creative operation of the Great First Cause into the durational depths of the universe—into<br />
the eternity of the past—but for all that we have not got rid of God. In like manner we have driven the mystery<br />
of life into the structural depths of the universe—that region of thick darkness which no created eye is able to<br />
' Professor 0. Lehmann, at a concourse of German physicians and physicists held at Stuttgart, endeavoured to prove that no liard and<br />
fast line can be di-awn between the living and dead. He contended that crystals of nunierous substances showed all the characteristics of life as<br />
revealed in certain of the lowest organisms that substances which crystallise do so in a specific form and resemble many plants ; that crystallisa-<br />
;<br />
tion requires a germ to start with ; that some crystals are capable of gi-owth, while others poison themselves by absorbing substances contained in<br />
the medium investing them. He challenged the statement that living things are always fluid or partially so, and that crystals are invariably<br />
solid. In support ofthis last proposition he maintained that liquid crystals can now be produced, and that as many as fifty varieties are already<br />
known Those of soft soap afford a good example. Professor Lehmann directed attention to some remarkable crystallic forms occurring in<br />
viscous' fluids which under the microscope, are seen to be in a state of constant motion others being found in clear fluids each ; drop of which consists<br />
of a crystal a'third form resembling a bacterium where the crystals are linked together and occasionally exhibit spiral serpentine movements<br />
These after a time are said to break up and re-form after the manner of bacteria. The views of Professor Lehmann have, of course, to be<br />
subjected to the most severe criticism on the part of physicists and biologists before they can be accepted as forming even the basis of a working<br />
hypoth^sia.^^^<br />
January 14, 187o<br />
' B"tisli Association Address at Exeter, 1869.