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134 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
PLATE LVII {continued)<br />
groove in which the posterior sensory nerve (6) disappears ; (5), anterior motor nerve sinking into antero-lateral depression of cord.<br />
These fibres display a ganglionic swelling (6') in their course ; (7), the united compound or mixed nerve ; (7'), the posterior primary<br />
branch of same. This nerve is derived partly from the anterior and partly from the posterior roots of the spinal nerves (after Allen<br />
Thomson).<br />
Fig. .5.— Illustrates the comparative anatomy of the brain and spinal cord iu the fish, reptile, and mammal. The brain and<br />
spinal cord are divided longitudinally into two portions, and are bilaterally symmetrical.<br />
A. The brain and spinal cord of cod-fish, a, Olfactory lobes, two in number ; h, cerebral lobes or hemispheres, also called<br />
cerebrum ; c, middle brain, giving rise to the optic nerves ; d, cerebellum ; e, spinal cord, with expansion of cord (medulla oblongata).<br />
B. Brain of hammer-headed shark. The lettering is the same as in A (after Dallas).<br />
C. Brain of alligator, a, Olfactory ganglia; h, cerebral ganglia or hemispheres ; c, optic tubercles ; d, cerebellum ; e, expansion of<br />
the spinal cord into the medulla oblongata.<br />
D. Brain of rabbit, a, Olfactory bulbs or ganglia; h, cerebral ganglia or hemispheres, separated to show the corpora striata (t),<br />
optic thalami {d), and tubercula quadragemina, situated behind the optic thalami (d) ; /, cerebellum ; g, spinal cord expanding into the<br />
medulla oblongata (after Dfilton).<br />
Fig. 6.~Vertical mesial line section of the human brain and spinal column (semi-diagraiiiniatic), showing the situation of the<br />
several great ganglia at the base of the brain and the course of the conducting nerve fibres.<br />
A. Olfactory ganglion ; B, cerebral lobes or hemispheres (cerebrum) ; C, corpus striatum ; D, optic thalamus ; E, tubercula<br />
quadragemina ; F, cerebellum ; G, ganglion of the tuber annulare ; H, ganglion of the medulla oblongata.<br />
In considering A, B, C, and D of Fig. .5 it will be seen that the great ganglia forming the brains of the fish, reptile, and mammal<br />
are arranged in the same plane as the spinal cord, of which they are mere expansions. In Fig. 6 the great ganglia (the cerebral<br />
hemispheres excepted) are bent slightly forwards. These ganglia are situated on a different plane to the spinal cord, of which, as in<br />
the lower animals, they are mere expansions. The peculiarity of the human brain is the comparatively very great size of the cerebral<br />
lobes (cerebrum) which have grown upwards, forwards, and backwards, so as to cover in and conceal the ganglia at the base of the<br />
brain. The brains in Fig. 5 are seen from above. Fig. 6 gives a vertical mesial line section of the human brain (after Dalton).<br />
In the aplysia, one of the molluscs, a rudimentary brain makes its appearance. In this case there is a<br />
double row of ganglia, with their sensory and motor nerves in the cephahc portion of the animal ; the two ganglia<br />
which form the brain being more or less completely fused. The nervous system is symmetrical in the upper part<br />
of the body, but unsymmetrical in the lower part, where the respiratory nerve centre occurs (Plate Ivii., Fig. 1, B).<br />
In the centipede the nervous system has made a considerable stride. It consists of two longitudinal commissural<br />
tracts of nerve matter with a double series of ganglia, each segment of the animal being provided with two ganglia<br />
and with sensory and motor nerves extending between the skin and ganglia on the one hand, and between the<br />
ganglia and muscles on the other. The ganglia and nerves are united longitudinally and transversely, so that all<br />
parts of the body are capable of receiving sensory impressions, and are under control.<br />
The two cephalic or highest ganglia are larger than the others. They are also united to each other, and more<br />
or less fused. A fairly well-developed brain can now be detected. The centipede is quick to perceive and flee from<br />
danger. Its power of volimtary independent movement is very remarkable. That the centipede feels by its<br />
antennae and other parts cannot be doubted, and that it is aware of matter dead and living outside of itself is<br />
equally certain. If, however, the centipede feels and is capable of controlhng and directing its own movements,<br />
and is aware of matter, however Kmited, outside of itself, then the question of self and conscious self, in however<br />
rudimentary a form, is raised : the question of a low form of cognition and a rudimentary power of reasoning is<br />
also raised. This subject will be discussed further on. It is enough to state here that in the nervous system of the<br />
centipede the Unes of communication for receiving sensory impressions and sending out motor impulses are well<br />
marked, there being distinct sensory and motor nerves, and a rudimentary brain (Plate Ivii.).<br />
The nervous system of the centipede is the harbinger of similar systems in the vertebrata up to man. In man<br />
the brain is an expansion of the upper part of the spinal cord. The spinal cord itself is composed of two bilateral<br />
halves, with longitudinal and transverse nerve commissures and symmetrical groups of ganglia on either side associated<br />
with sensory and motor nerves. The brain, hke the cord, is bilaterally symmetrical. It too is connected by longi-<br />
tudinal and transverse commissural and sensory and motor nerves, with their concomitant groups of ganglia and nerve<br />
centres. The brain and spinal cord vnth their groups of gangha and sensory and motor nerves form an elaborate<br />
and complicated whole : the lines of communication and of force are all definitely laid down, and may be readilv<br />
traced by the trained anatomist and mioroscopist. The nervous system in the higher animals, and in man verv<br />
closely resembles the telegraphic system of a great empire, where the brain corresponds to the capital and re-<br />
presents the central telegraphic station ; the ganglia in the spinal cord corresponding to the towns and villaees<br />
with their lesser and intermediate stations, and the sensory and motor nerves to the several telegraphic wes alonff<br />
which messages are sent.<br />
The sensory nerves transmit impressions or messages from without, as from the sldn and sense organs •<br />
motor nerves transmit messages from within, as from the brain to the muscles.<br />
the