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266 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
turns itself in the direction of sounding bodies, and strains to receive on its drum or tympanum the waves of<br />
sound the tongue presses the sapid soUds and fluids which form our food and drink agamst the palate, cneeKS,<br />
and other parts in tasting ; and the nostrils sniff up the minute odoriferous particles floating m the air, trom what-<br />
ever source derived, in the process of smelhng. In each case, the animal by its sensory nerves and sense organs per-<br />
forms its work voluntarily, and as apart from stimulation and irritation. When an animal is accidentally touched<br />
fiom without, it is always taken by surprise, and responds at a disadvantage, being of! its guard. Herein lies the<br />
great difference between my theory of life and action and that of the modern, mechamcal school. _ _<br />
I maintain that hfe is aggressive and masterful in everything it does ; that it is self-sustaining, self-acting,<br />
self-directed ; that it is superior to its surroundings ; that it moves spontaneously to given ends ; and that it<br />
performs its work directly and at first hand, being independent of everything but the First Cause.<br />
The modern physiologists contend that all, or very nearly all, the movements of plants and ammals do not<br />
originate in the plants and animals themselves, but that they are due to extraneous stimulation and inherent irri-<br />
tabihty They attribute to dead matter and stimuh the initiation of the greater portion of the movements and<br />
changes occurring in plants and animals, than which nothing could be more unphilosophical. They reverse the<br />
order of nature In so doing, they practically rob hfe of its prerogatives, and convert plants and ammals into<br />
automata which are set in motion and regulated from without. No greater delusion can possibly be imagined.<br />
Plants and animals cannot be so degraded. The mainspring of action, and the power of regulating action, inhere<br />
in the plants and animals themselves. Life as conferred by the great First Causeis, m every instance, the prime<br />
mover, and the matter and force of the universe are subject to its sway and under its control.<br />
In rudimentary animals, such as the jelly-fish (Medusa), the brain is absent, the brain function being discharged<br />
by the nerves themselves, plus certain nerve cells and substances which enable the animal to feel and move volun-<br />
tarily. The power of feeling and moving which inheres in the nerves and substances of the medusa does not dis-<br />
appear in the sensory and motor nerves of the higher animals when a brain is superadded. In that case the original<br />
or fundamental arrangement is augmented, amphfied, and emphasised. In this connection it is well to bear in<br />
mind that animals feel and move voluntarily in the absence of a nervous system. Similar remarks are to be made<br />
of the insectivorous plants. Feeling and moving are, so to speak, focussed and made visible by means of the<br />
nervous system and the brain.<br />
As already explained, the rhythms and reflexes are not confined to animals. They occur also in plants.<br />
Neither do they require for their manifestation nerves and muscles as found in the higher animals.<br />
When nerves and muscles occur, as in the more advanced complex organisms, they are utilised, but the modus<br />
operandi is essentially the same. In rhythms and reflexes two things are present, the thing acting and the thing<br />
acted upon, and in both cases movement, at longer or shorter intervals, is the distinguishing feature. The move-<br />
ments, at first direct, become, in certain cases, from constant repetition and habit, to a certain extent indirect or<br />
automatic. In rhythms and reflexes, a certain amount of time necessarily elapses during the operations ; the moving<br />
substances have to get into and out of action. There is, further, a tendency of the moving parts to continue .<br />
moving, and of the resting parts to contirme resting, as in non-living ordinary matter. The rhythmic and reflex<br />
involuntary movements are illustrated by a reference to the voluntary movements. A sensation travels from the<br />
skin and sense organs to the brain, and a volition travels from the brain to the muscles. Time is required for both<br />
operations. The sensations and volitions are transmitted at a given and measurable speed in opposite directions.<br />
In hke manner, the living, feehng thing requires a certain time to reconnoitre and recognise the substance with<br />
which it comes in contact or touches, and to determine whether it shall move towards or away from it, or remain<br />
passive. Living things act more or less deliberately, and the time intervals are increased according to the degree<br />
of deliberation. The direct voluntary movements, and the indirect involuntary rhythmic and reflex movements, are<br />
or may be rapid, but they are never quite instantaneous. The distinguishing feature of the involuntary movements<br />
is the element of repetition. Voluntary movements may or may not be repeated ; involuntary rhythmic and<br />
reflex movements generally are.<br />
Plants and animals are endowed at the outset with certain powers and propensities which make them superior<br />
to their surroundings, which enable them to take in or reject the matter by which they are invested, and which<br />
permit them to reahse more or less clearly their places in nature. Plants and animals, as a class, are sentient<br />
living entities. They are, in no sense, the sport of the elements, and cannot be regarded as mere machines goaded<br />
into activity by accident, irritabihty, or extraneous stimulation.<br />
If a muscle shrinks, contracts, or shortens on being pricked or artificially stimulated, it does not follow that<br />
this is its natural or normal mode of action, or that the same result cannot be obtained in the hving animal in the<br />
absence of stimulation. The heart and the involuntary muscles, as a class, require no stimulation. The voluntary<br />
muscles are set in motion by volitions ; volitions themselves being, with few exceptions, the outcome of spon-<br />
.<br />
.