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270 DESIGN IN NATURE The following table furnishes some interesting information regarding the periods of gestation m mammals PERIODS OF UTERO-GESTATION IN ANIMALS
RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves influence voluntary and also involuntary muscles is beyond doubt. The voluntary muscles are directly under nerve control. The involuntary rhythmic muscles are hkewise, within limits, amenable to nerve action. Thus in the phenomenon known as blushing, a rude remark or suggestion acting on the cerebro-spinal and vaso-motor nervous system causes the arterioles to open or relax, with the result that the capillary blood- vessels become gorged with blood and produce a temporary redness of the skin. Alarm, or fear, or shock, produces an opposite result, by reducing the size of the arterioles and temporarily depleting the capillaries of blood, which induces paleness of the skin. The movements of the heart can also be quickened and slowed by the division and irritation of certain nerves. Notwithstanding the very intimate relation which exists between involuntary muscles and nerves, it is safe to conclude that the rhythmic muscles can, and do, act either with, or without, nerves. The major portion of the nerves going to the involuntary rhythmic muscles are sympathetic ganglionic nerves, and there is every reason to believe that these are endowed with independent rhythmic powers. The sympathetic ganglionic nerves are primary or fundamental, and take precedence of the cerebro-spinal nerves in the order of development. They carry on the vegetative functions of the body independently of, or in conjunction with, the spinal cord. This they do, even in the absence of a brain, as in the anencephalous foetus. A brain is not necessary to the performance of voluntary movements in certain of the lower animals, as, for example, the medusa and five- rayed star-fish. As I have explained elsewhere,^ the involuntary or rhythmic muscles are to be regarded as the forerunners or parents of the voluntary ones : indeed the movements of even the voluntary muscles are essentially rhythmic in character. Sir James Paget endeavoured to explain that the rhythmic action of muscles was due to rhjdihmic nutrition, but it is difficult to understand how muscles which are, in a sense, continually in action can be fed at stated intervals ; the more especially as the blood or nutritive fluid is constantly circulating through their sub- stance. As the several rhythmic structures referred to are all equally well nourished, it is evident that hypothetical rhythmic nutrition cannot be the real or sole cause of rhythmic movements. In other words, the supply of blood being continuous, it is reasonable to iiifer that the nourishing process is practically continuous, and not interrupted or rhythmic. Development and comparative anatomy distinctly point to an inherent rhythmic power in rhythmic structures as apart from nutrition, and even as apart from muscles and nerves and every form of irritabihty and artificial stimulation. This follows because, as explained, the rhythmic structures are being continuously fed ; because the heart opens and closes before it contains blood, muscle, or nerve, and because in plants (in Volvox globator, for example), where neither blood, muscle, nor nerves are present, well-defined rhythmic movements occur. While rhythmic movements are to be regarded as spontaneous, inherent, and fundamental endowments on which the Ufe and well-being of the individual depends, it is well to bear in mind that in the higher animals, where muscles and nerves are present, the movements can in part be traced to the muscles, and an intimate relation between the muscles and nerv^es estabUshed. In the higher organisms, the muscles and nerves act together, and both display rhythmic movements or im- pulses. It is not possible to distinguish with any degree of precision as between the rhythms in muscles and nerves. As differentiation proceeds, and structure is added to structure, the added structures in every instance conform to a general plan and the carrying out of a common object. In other words, added structures do not wage war with pre-existing structures. On the contrary, all the structures, whether developed late or early, work harmoniously together and to a given end. But for design and preconcerted action a compound organism would be impossible. The rise, progress, and completion of the higher animals all proclaim design and a First Cause. The higher animals are to be regarded as completed wholes, the integral parts of which are essential and necessary. For this, if for no other reason, it is never safe to rely on experiments which have for their object the isolation of parts, organs, and systems. In like manner, the division and irritation of nerve structures, and the artificial stimulation of muscles, cannot possibly yield quite normal results. Whatever disturbs the natural balance of an animal inevitably leads to a greater or less degree of abnormal action. Thus the administration of drugs, of chloroform and other anajsthetics, of poisons, &c., tends to abnormal action ; the abnormaUty being greatly increased where coma and nervous shock are produced. A violent aperient gives an exaggerated idea of the rhythmic activity of the alimentary canal : an emetic reverses the action of the CESophagus and stomach : strychnine and the injury of certain parts induce tetanus and convulsions : chloroform destroys sensation and renders muscles flaccid : excessive tea drinking produces indigestion and tumultuous action of the heart : excessive stimulation by alcohol results in great general excitement and mental disturbance, and, if long continued, begets coma, collapse, and death. The administration of opium, Indian hemp, &c., leads to a dreamy condition of the brain and nervous system. The greater the liberty taken with an organism the less reliable are the results obtained by experiment. The common practice of irritating, stimulating, 1 "The Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in Man." (Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1873.)
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 257 and 258: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 259 and 260: TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
Page 261 and 262: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 263 and 264: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 265 and 266: SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
Page 267 and 268: GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
Page 269 and 270: SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
Page 271 and 272: PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
Page 273 and 274: EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
Page 275 and 276: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 277 and 278: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 279 and 280: ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
Page 281 and 282: INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
Page 283 and 284: INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
Page 285 and 286: EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
Page 287 and 288: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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Page 291 and 292: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
Page 293 and 294: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
Page 295 and 296: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
Page 297 and 298: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
Page 303 and 304: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
Page 305 and 306: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
Page 307: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
Page 311 and 312: RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
Page 313 and 314: RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
Page 315 and 316: NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
Page 323 and 324: NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
Page 343 and 344: THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
Page 345 and 346: Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
Page 347 and 348: THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
Page 349 and 350: Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
Page 351 and 352: PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 353 and 354: PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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