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14 DESIGN IN NATURE The presence everywhere of electricity and electrical strain invests the new theory of matter with quite a remarkable interest. I know nothing in the whole range of physics more wonderful than the so-called spiral nebulae. They are now known to occur in very large numbers, and to form right and left-handed symmetrical spirals, being composed of two parts which wind within each other round a centre or nucleus, which consists of one or more stars with a nebulous matrix. How stars and nebulous matter, in unlimited space, should arrange themselves in spiral wreaths baffles comprehension They can only do so in accordance with certain laws which are the outcome of design. When it is stated, as has been done, that similar spiral arrangements can be traced in large numbers in plants and in animals, the mind is overwhelmed, and is, at first, inclined to withhold belief.^ The resemblance between the inorganic nebular spirals and the organic plant and animal spirals is in no sense fanciful but founded upon the most convincing evidence. In proof of what is here stated I invite the reader to compare the spiral nebula (Fig. 4 of Plate vii.) with the spiral flower (Fig. 13, p. 21) ; the spiral seed (Fig. 11, p. 20) the spiral fruit (Plate xi.. Fig. 1, p. 25) ; the spiral spermatozoon (Plate xii.. Fig. 1, E, p. 27) ; the two spiral shells (Plate xiii.. Fig. 1, F and G, p. 28) ; and the spiral apex of the mammalian heart (Plate xvii.. Fig. 3a, p. 32). If proof were wanting of the intimate relations subsisting between the inorganic and organic kingdoms, and of the unity of plan which pervades all nature, these remarkable coincidences in spiral formations are well calculated to supply it. The inorganic and organic spirals cannot, everything considered, be regarded as chance productions. They undoubtedly owe their origin to the operation of a common law, and afford a striking proof of a First Cause. The inorganic and organic kingdoms are constructed on similar lines. They are not opposed to each other. On the contrary, they are interdependent, complemental, co-ordinated, and conditioned. They are made for each other. No marvel, then, if plants and animals assume shapes and movements which are common in the heavenly bodies. Endless examples of spiral structures and spiral movements are given further on. I append photographs of the extraordinary nebular arrangements (Plates vii. and viii.). They transcend in grandeur and beauty everything of the kind which has hitherto appeared. These arrangements, moreover, are extremely suggestive in their bearing on movements in general, and on the movements in plants and animals in particular. PLATE VII Plate vii. shows actual photographs of nebulae and star clusters ; the upper two figures of the plate displaying curves and spiral arrangements—the lower two figures astral nuclei with nebulous envelopes. Fig. 1.—Photograph of star-cluster M. 13, Herculis, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Dr. Roberta says, "The photograph shows the stars in the central part of the cluster to be involved either in faint nebulosity or in atmospheric glare caused by the light o£ the stars, and some of them appear to be deformed in outline because of the overlapping of two or more star images. The general configuration of the stars is suggestive of their development from a spiral nebula. The forms of the convolutions still remain visible in the arrangement of the stars, whilst the nebulous matter appears to have been absorbed, and the nuclear condensations at their centres account for the dense. aggregations of stars." Very beautiful spiral nebulte are figured in Plate viii. Fitt. 2.—Photograph of Nebula ^ I., 143, Virginis, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.E.S. The photograph shows the nebula to resemble somewhat the letter D with the curve in the n.p. direction, and a star of about the 1.5th magnitude in the centre, the interior being filled with nebulosity of different densities, witliin which are five or si.\: star-like condensations. Dr. Roberts remarks that the nebulous condensations resemble those invariably seen in spiral nebula3. (Photographs of Stars, Stai'-clusters, and Neluilse.) Fig. 3.—Photograph of Annular Nebula M. 57, Lyr», by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Sir J. Herschel describes this nebula as a magnificent object ; annular, bright, and con,siderably extended. There is no appearance of stars involved in the ring, but the s.f. and n.p. sides are denser than the a.p. and n.f. ones. There is, as explained by Lord Rosse, an extension of faint nebulosity beyond the margins at each end of the major axis. This nebula resembles, in a general way, the cell of a plant or animal, which consists of a nucleus or central core, cell contents (protoplasm), and a cell wall or envelope. (Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebulie.) Fig. 4.—Photograph of Nebula M. 97, Ursaj Majoris, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Lord Rosse compared this nebula to the face of an owl, and was inclined to assign to it a spiral form. It has a star for its centi'e, and the neljulous envelope is concentrated at two points and projects inwards as if preparatory to assuming the spiral shape. A two-fold spiral grouping is very well seen in Fig. 1 of Plate viii. (Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebuloj.) ^ Some will no doubt endeavour to explain the marvellous spiral arrangements witnessed in nebulae to attractions and repulsions of various kinds ; they will I'egard the phenomenon as of purely physical origin. Such an explanation, however, would, as I have endeavoured to show be quite inadequate to explain similar spiral arrangements occurring in plants and animals Avhere no such attractions and repulsions can possiblv be present.
PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS PLATE VII Fig. 1, Fig, 2. Fig. 3. Fig, 4, 15
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Page 5: Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
Page 15 and 16: § 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
Page 21 and 22: §§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
Page 23 and 24: CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
Page 25 and 26: § 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
Page 27 and 28: PREFACE The present work has attain
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION The present work natur
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
Page 39 and 40: DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
Page 41 and 42: STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
Page 43 and 44: ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
Page 49 and 50: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
Page 51: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 55 and 56: VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
Page 57 and 58: ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
Page 59 and 60: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
Page 61 and 62: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
Page 63 and 64: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
Page 67 and 68: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
Page 69 and 70: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
Page 71 and 72: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
Page 73 and 74: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
Page 75 and 76: CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
Page 77 and 78: RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
Page 83 and 84: 1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
Page 85 and 86: § 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
Page 87 and 88: VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 89 and 90: DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 95 and 96: VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 97 and 98: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 99 and 100: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 101 and 102: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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