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214 DESIGN IN NATURE The modifications and presence of claws in the wings of the Archseopteryx are less remarkable than the modifications met with in the Pterodactyl. The Pterodactyl, or flying reptile, as it is frequently called, had wings much more modified than those of the Archse- Fig. 39.—Shows ventral aspect of the hard and soft jjarts—muscles, tendons, elastic tissues, ligaments, and bones—of the wing of the snipe (GalUnago m/eslis). In the figure the left wing is flexed and the right wing fully extended. The parts marked c, g, h, i (especially A, i) show where the wing is flattened out, soliditted, and strengthened to support the roots of the primary and secondary feathers which are the mimediate instniments of flight. The primary and secondary feathers are seen in position at Fio'. 40. a, b, Muscles connected with the elastic stractures of the wing c, d, c, ; /, g, \ i, musculo-fibro-elastic tissues which are mainly concerned in flexing the wing. The gi-eat depressor or chest muscles are seen between the wings. (From a dissection and drawing by the Author.) Fig. 40.—Shows the dorsal aspect of the hard and soft parts of the wing of the pheasant {Phasianus colchicus). In the right wing the roots of the primary and secondary feathers are exposed to show their relation to the fore arm, hand, and greatly modified phalanges or finger bones. The left wing is fully flexed and ready to make the up stroke. In the left wing the feathers are widely separated, and present a series of vertical knifo-lilce edges through which the air escapes rluring the up stroke ; in the right wing the feathers are spread out and firmly pressed together to jirevent the escape of air during the doMu stroke. (From a dissection and drawing by the Author.) opteryx, as shown at Fig. 37. Similar remarks are to be made of the wings of the modern bat (Fig. 38). Still more remarkable are the modifications of the wings of existing birds, where the bones of the hands are reduced in some being greatly enlarged, and number ; soldered together to provide a flat, osseous support for the roots of the primary and secondary feathers, which play a most im- portant part in all air-flying birds (Fig. 39). The points which I wish to estabhsh in the present connection are : 1. That the typical five fingers or toes in the limbs of the majority of vertebrates are not permanent, but a vanishing quantity the toes of the hind Hmbs being, in many cases, fewer than the fingers of the fore limbs. 2. That the fore hmbs of the elephant and of many fossils have five fingers or dioits : that in some of the Dinosaurs (extinct reptiles) there are fouj digits in the fore hmb and only three in the hind hmb : that in the extinct moa there are three toes with a rudimentary fourth toe to the hind limbs : that in the modern emu there are three toes to each hind hmb : that in the ostrich there are only two toes to each hind hmb : that in the camel, ox, and deer there are two digits to each of the hmbs : that of the two toes of the ostrich, one is very much longer and stronger than the other : that there is also a shght deviation in this direction in the camel : that in the horse there is only one digit to each limb this being very much enlarged and very strong. 3. That the modifications in the digits of the fore limbs of vertebrates are very remarkable, and cannot be accounted for as apart from a First Cause and Design : that in some cases not only are the digits suppressed, but other digits are hyper- developed to quite an extraordinary extent : that in the foot of the ostrich, where there are only two digits, the one is dwarfed and the other very greatly enlarged : that in the wing of the pterodactyl there are three digits which are aborted and terminate in hooks—one digit (the fifth) being enormously elongated and hypertrophied : that in the wing of the bird the digits are reduced to three, and that they are run together, solidified, and increased in size to form a fiattened, osseous surface which supports the roots of the primary and secondary feathers, the immediate instruments of flight : that in the horse, only one digit remains for each hmb ; this being phenomenally large and strong. 4. That there are strong grounds for believing that the variations in the number and shape of the digits of
PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTION a- PLATE LXXVI A. Skeleton of the right fore leg of the ox {Bns tauruB). a, Scapula ; h, spine of scapula ; c, scapulo-hunieral articulation ; d, humerus ; e, humero-radial articulation ; /, olecranon ; g, ulna ; h, radius ; i, carpal bones ; j, k, large metacarpals ; /, small metacarpal ; I, suffraginis ; m, coronary ; n, pedal bone (I, m, n form the first, second, and third phalanges). Drawn from nature by C. Berjeau for the Author. B. Skeleton of the right fore limb of the horse (Equua caballus). a, Scapula ; b, spine of scapula ; c, scapulo-humeral articulation , d, humerus ; e, humero-radial articulation ; /, olecranon ;
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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Page 219 and 220: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
Page 221 and 222: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
Page 223 and 224: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
Page 225 and 226: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
Page 227 and 228: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
Page 229 and 230: INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
Page 231 and 232: MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
Page 233 and 234: Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
Page 235 and 236: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 237 and 238: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 239 and 240: MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
Page 241 and 242: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 251: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 255 and 256: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 257 and 258: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 259 and 260: TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
Page 261 and 262: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 263 and 264: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 265 and 266: SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
Page 267 and 268: GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
Page 269 and 270: SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
Page 271 and 272: PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
Page 273 and 274: EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
Page 275 and 276: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 277 and 278: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 279 and 280: ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
Page 281 and 282: INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
Page 283 and 284: INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
Page 285 and 286: EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
Page 287 and 288: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 289 and 290: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 291 and 292: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
Page 293 and 294: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
Page 295 and 296: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
Page 297 and 298: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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