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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN NATURE 99<br />
the other requires. The respiratory movements in plants and animals are give-and-take, interrupted movements,<br />
occurring at stated intervals, and therefore rhythmic in character.<br />
Plants and animals, in addition to breathing, feed, and circulate their nutritious juices. The feeding and circu-<br />
latory movements, like the respiratory ones, are give-and-take movements, that is, they occur in a certain order,<br />
and at stated intervals. Plants and animals not only take in, assimilate, and circulate extraneous substances<br />
rhythmically ; they also give out the detritus or waste products rhythmically. The give-and-take, rhythmic move-<br />
ments referred to have to do with every change which occurs in plants and animals ; with the respiratory act, with<br />
the circulation of gases and fluids, with the absorption and assimilation of food, with the extrusion of waste products,<br />
with secretion and excretion, metaboUsm, &c. The give-and-take, rhythmic movements are provided for in the<br />
very beginnings of hfe. The cells of plants and animals afford the necessary conditions. Vegetable and animal<br />
cells are composed of a cell wall, a nucleus, and protoplasmic cell contents. The cell wall is porous, and provides<br />
an osmotic medium. When the cells are exposed to moisture, gases, heat, &c., two opposite or give-and-take virtually<br />
rhythmic currents are at once estabUshed ;<br />
there is the comparatively rapid ingoing or endosmotic nourishing current,<br />
and the slower outgoing or exosmotic waste product current. This explains how a plant or an animal composed<br />
of a single cell can hve, grow, attain maturity, and reproduce itself. Living matter, lower than cells, possesses the<br />
same powers and exercises the same privileges. What is true of a single cell is true of every congeries of cells, and<br />
of all the tissues and parts formed by cells, in the simplest and most complex plant and animal organisms. Give-<br />
and-take movements are necessary to all.<br />
§ 17. Spiral Structures and Movements Universal in Nature.<br />
The next arrangement and order of movement to be considered is the spiral. As already stated, the spiral<br />
formations and movements reveal themselves in the physical universe in a variety of forms ; in the spiral distri-<br />
bution of nebulae, in the spiral water-spout, the spiral sand-storm, &c.<br />
Has this spiral distribution and spiral movement of the atoms and molecules of matter in space any counter-<br />
part in plants and animals ? Most assuredly it has. The seeds of certain plants, and the ova and embryos of<br />
certain animals, exhibit distinct spiral formations and movements.<br />
While we have spiral formations and movement at the very beginnings of plant and animal Hfe, these are<br />
multipUed and emphasised as growth and development proceed ; the highest representatives of the organic<br />
kingdoms providing the most numerous and striking examples. Thus in plants we find spiral cells, spiral hairs,<br />
spiral vessels, spiral stems, spiral branches, spiral leaves, spiral flowers, spiral fruits, &c. We also find spiral<br />
movements in climbing and other plants.<br />
Similar remarks are to be made of animals. In these, the muscles, bones, and joints are spirally constructed<br />
and arranged; the heart, stomach, bladder, uterus, &c., also display spiral structure. All exhibit spiral movements.<br />
The movements of walking, swimming, and flying are, in every instance, spiral in their nature.<br />
Locomotion for the most part consists of spiral, sinuous, double-curve, figure-of-8 movements. These move-<br />
ments make their appearance in bacteria and the lower plant and animal forms. They occur in the cilia of infusoria<br />
and other organisms, where they take part in tactile, feeding, and swimming operations. The cilia and sinuous<br />
movements are not unfrequently met with on mucous and other surfaces, where they produce currents in given<br />
directions. The double-curve movements can be traced through the whole series of creeping things. They are seen<br />
to advantage in the wave movements of the caterpillar, and produce the characteristic wrigghng of the worm :<br />
they appear in spermatozoa and in quite a large number of soft-bodied animals : they reappear in skeletal animals,<br />
and are witnessed in the swimming of the fish and in the creeping of the serpent. They are likewise the chief<br />
factors in the walking of quadrupeds and bipeds, and in the flying of insects, birds, and bats.<br />
The spiral structures and movements, as already stated, are fundamental—that is, they are not dependent on<br />
fortuitous circumstances, or any form of stimulation or irritation.<br />
Examples of spirals (single and double) are found in large numbers in plants and in animals. Spiral formations<br />
are symmetrical when two or four opposite spirals are employed. They are non-symmetrical . or lop-sided when<br />
only one spiral is employed. Complementary spirals are by no means infrequent.<br />
The unaccountable thing is that crystalUne, dendritic, and spiral formations and movements occur both in<br />
inorganic dead matter and in organic living matter.<br />
The subject of organic growth, development, and movement has many side-hghts thrown upon it by a con-<br />
sideration of what may be regarded as inorganic growth, development, and movement—namely, the arborescent<br />
frost pictures, as they appear on window-panes and pavements in winter, the branching dendrites formed in<br />
minerals and metals, and similar dendritic displays made by lightning (revealed by instantaneous photography),<br />
and when it strikes and scorches the human sldn.