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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Movement in Electrical Discharge— Dendritic Formations in Crystals,<br />
DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS 47<br />
Plants, Animals, &c.<br />
Having shown how very intimate the connection is as between crystals, plants, and animals in the matter of<br />
radiating, concentric, and spiral arrangements, and having further shown that spiral arrangements exist on a grand<br />
scale in the physical universe, I now proceed to demonstrate that dendritic or branching arrangements also exist<br />
in crystals, in plants, and animals, and in the physical universe. My contention here is that there is an inherent<br />
tendency in physical and vital forces to split up the matter (dead and living) on which they act ; the amount of<br />
sphtting increasing in proportion to the amount of resistance encountered, there being less resistance in ether<br />
than in common air, less in fluids than in solids, and so on. A river when it reaches the flat sands and mud of<br />
the estuary usually divides into two or more channels ;<br />
water forced through a hose on a dry pavement spreads,<br />
and so does water spilt upon the ground. In like manner the resistance experienced by the fluids permeating the<br />
body causes the fluids to split up, divide, and bifurcate, and this, it appears to me, has much to do with the<br />
dendritic or branching appearance presented by the blood-vessels, the coats or coverings of which are laid down<br />
where the nutritive and formative fluid first meanders. Force takes the line of least resistance in this as in other<br />
cases, and, as I have explained elsewhere, the vital and physical forces are, as a rule, not opposed to each other but<br />
work in unison. What is true of the blood-vessels is true of the lymphatics, nerves, and all structures where division<br />
and branching occurs. The division is, for the most part, longitudinal, but not unfrequently it is transverse, when<br />
it is known as segmentation. Division may, of course, take place as apart from obstruction in growing structures.<br />
When a formative agency is at work, as in growth and development, the direction and extent of the division or<br />
bifurcation is predetermined, and limits set. That a certain amount of resistance is experienced in many cases<br />
during development is shown by this, that at the points of bifurcation in growing structures there is generally a<br />
little increase in substance in sohds and a slight dilatation of the channel in tubes. The thickening and increase<br />
in question are seen to advantage in the venation of leaves, and the branching of blood-vessels (Plate xxxiii.. Figs. 1<br />
and 3); the increase referred to is seen in the physical universe in electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3,<br />
and Plate xxxii., Fig. 2) ; lightning flashes (Plate xxix., Figs. 1 and 2) ; and in branching structures generally<br />
(Plates xxxviii. and xxxix.).<br />
The vital force during development presses forward, as is well shown in the streaming or river-like advance<br />
of Plasmodium when feeding (Fig. 59, p. 302). In this case also there is increase where the living stream divides.<br />
The dendritic or branching arrangements in the inorganic and organic kingdoms are iUustrated by twenty-five<br />
plates, namely. Plates xxix. to Uv. inclusive.<br />
PLATE XXIX<br />
Plate xxix. illustrates radiating, branched, waved arrangement in lightning flashes.<br />
Fig. 1.—Ramified, waved lightning, photographed by J. Cruik. Sliows radiating, dendritic, tree-like shapes wholly nnlike the<br />
conventional zigzag lightning pourtrayed by artists. Resembles electric sparks (Plate xxxi.. Figs. 1, 2 and 3; Plate xxx.,<br />
Fig. .3 ; Plate xxxii., Fig. 2) ; various crvstals (Plate ii.) ; dendrites (Plate xxxiv.. Figs. 1 and 2 ; Plate xxxv., Figs. 1 iind 4<br />
Plate xxxvi.. Fig. 2) ; leaves and trees generally (Plate xxxiii., Fig. 3 ; Plate xlv.. Figs. 2 and 3) ; corals (Plate xxxv.. Fig. 5 ; Plate<br />
xxxvi.. Fig. 3) ; and parts of animals such as the bronchial tubes, blood-vessels, and other liraiiching structures (Plate xxxix.,<br />
Figs. 1 to 9 inclusive).<br />
Fig. 2.—Ramified, waved lightning a.s seen at Sydney, New South Wales, photographed by H. C. Russell. Shows radiating,<br />
branching, dendritic, tree-like forms similar to those represented at Fig. 1 of this Plate. The description given under Fig. 1 applie.^*<br />
to this figure.<br />
Fig 3 —Photograph of electric spark where the terminals or discharging poles (positive and negative) are separated four inches.<br />
Similar photographs are seen at Plate xxx.. Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The descriptions given of these figures apply to this. Photographed for<br />
the Author by Mr. T. C. Gamlen.<br />
PLATE XXX<br />
Plate xxx. illustrates hnes of force, motion, and fight as revealed by electric sparks.<br />
Figs 1 and 2 —Electric sparks specially photographed for the Author by Mr. T. G. Gamlen of West Hartlepool. The sparks were<br />
taken in a dark room by the aid of a 10-inch induction coil with 12 volts on coil. Exposure a ciuavter of a second The terminal<br />
or discharging poles (positive and negative) were separated 2, 3, and 9 inches respectively. 1 he photographs have been reduced to<br />
suit the size of the page Show branching lines of force, motion, and light similar in many respects to tlie lightning flashes represented<br />
at Plate xxix., Figsf 1 and 2. The descriptions given of these figures may very properly be repented m the case ot the present ones.<br />
Fig 3 -Branching lines of force, motion, and light obtained as in Figs. 1 and 2 ; the terminals in this case being separated<br />
9 inches' These resemble in a striking manner the branched lightning flashes represented at Plate xxix., Figs, 1 and 2, especially the<br />
latter. Photographed for the Author by Mr. T, G. Gamlen.