Picture - Cosmic Polymath

6o DESIGN IN NATURE
ganglion.
PLATE XXXVIII
Plate xxxviii. illustrates branching and radiating arrangements in muscle, blood-vessels, bone, and nerve
Fig. 1.— Spindle-shaped nucleated cells occurring in involuntary rausculai- fibres (after Arnold).
A. Muscular fibre treated with serum.
B. Muscular filjres from the intestine isolated by means of nitric acid.
C. Dichotomously divided muscular fibres from a pleuritic membrane.
Fig. 2.—Branching capillary blood-vessels (after Strieker).
A. Capillaries from intestine of snail, irregularly lobed cells (a).
B. Small capillaries with futiform cells (h) from mesentery of Leuciscus.
0, Capillaries of the pecten of the eye of the bird, exhibiting polygonal cells (c) ; the hyaloid memlirane covering the capillaries
is given at d.
-piG. 3.—Bone tvabeoulse with osteoblastic layer, from the parietal bone of a human enibyro :it the fifth month (after EoUet).
Shows radiating arrangement, a, Cells (odeohlads) crowded and undergoing ossification, more advanced at b, where radiating and
branching occurs ; c, trabecular matrix in which cells occur.
Fig. 4.— Multipolar ganglion (nerve) cell from the anterior horn of the spinal cord of an ox (after Strieker). Shows radiating,
branching, and concentric arrangements. The ganglion contains a nucleus and nucleolus. This form of nerve centre virtually
discharges brain functions, and may not inaptly be designated a brninlet. a, Axis cylinder process ; b, c, d, e, branched pro-
cesses, X .300.
PLATE XXXIX
Plate xxxix. illustrates radiating, brancbing arrangements in the human skin, gangUa, and nerve baskets,
the mesentery, and papillae of tongue.
Fig. 1.—Section of the skin of the hand magnified twenty times (modified from Hirschfeld and Leveille). Shows radiating,
liranching, and spiral structures.
spiral sweat glands
A. a, Horny, and ft, mucous layers of the epidermis; c, corium ; i/, panniculus adiposus; e, fat cells; /,
opening on surface at y, g, ; g li,, nerve ending in Pacinian bodies (i)
; j, nerves ending in loops ; k, nerves encfing in free ends
I, capillary plexus of vessels.
B. a, Two collateral nerve branches from the palmar su iface of the index finger; ft. Pacinian or touch corpuscles attached tn
said nerves, natural size.
C. Pacinian corpuscles magnified 100 times, a, Nerve with sheath (ft) ; c, free end of nerve surrounded by fluid ; d, ca]isule.
Fig. 2.—NerA'e baskets from spinal cord of ox (after Gerlach). Show radiating and concentric arrangements, a, Nerve filire
dividing into two branches (ft, ft) which communicate with the plexuses of nerve fibres (c, c) in connection with the two nerve cells
(rf, d). Prepared with carmine and ammonia, from the spinal cord of an ox, x 150.
Fig. 3.— Miliola {Proto::oa). Shows radiation and branching of sarcode (Chapman).
Fig. 4.— Loop of human intestine with mesentery. vShows radiating and branching arrangements in the blood-vessels and
lymphatics, a, Artery; ft, vein; c, lymphatic gland ; d, lymphatic vessels. Drawn by C. Berjeau for the Author.
Fig. 5.—Granite veins traversing gneiss. Cape "Wrath (Lyell). Shows radiation and branching as in blood-vessels.
Fig. 6.— Fossil crinoid {Cyatltocriniis planus, Jliller). Body and arms. Mountain limestone. Shows radiation and branching as in
trees and blood-vessels.
Fig. 7.—Fossil corals.
A. (Lonsdcdeia floriformis, M. Edwards). Young specimen, with buds or corallites on the disc.
B. (Lithostrotiun floriforme, Fleming). Part of a full-grown compound mass. Shows radiation and budding, and how the
buds or corallites become hexagonal-shaped from growth and jjressure as in epithelium pigment of liver cells, &c. (after Lyell).
Fig. 8. Gromia terricola (after Leidy). A rudimentary animal which has the power of projecting and withdrawing its bodv
substance (sarcode) by voluntary centrifugal and centripetal movements. Similar movements occur in the sarcoua elements of
voluntary muscle. The projected sarcode forms a radiating netwdi-k, and represents lines of movement and force analogous to those seen
in electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3). The animal as a whole affords a good example of radiating, branching, concentric
arrangements.
Fig. 9.—A. Section of circumvallate papillse of human tongue, x 150. a, Epithelium ; ft, taste bud ; c, injected blood-vessels •
(/, corium ; c, gland with duct (after Heitzmann).
B. Section of fungiform papillce of tongue with blood-vessels injected, u, Epithelium; ft, corium ; c, blood-vessels ; d, lymiihoid
tissue ; c, muscular fibre (after Heitzmann).
C. Section of two filiform ]iapillfe of tongue. Lettering same as in B (after Hartmann).
D. Two filiform papilla? ; tlie one with the epithelium and the blood-vessels injected, the other without. «, Substance of papiihx)
divided at their upper extremities into secondary papillse ; ft, epithelial ro^ering, laminated portion, between the papillfe but
exiended into hair-like processes over the secondary papillre (c) ; d, i', artery and vein. Show radiating, branched arrangements.