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39^ DESIGN IN NATURE (at or about the monthly periods) the structures which confine them on the surface of the ovaries. The original production of the immature eggs, their ripening, and discharge from the ovaries cannot, even by a stretch of the imagination, be regarded as due to inherent irritabihty or stimulation of any kind, and still less to environment (Plate xci.. Fig. 3, page 393). The eggs are discharged for the most part singly or in pairs by an accumulation of serous fluid, it occasionally happening that three and even four or more eggs are Hberated : a multiplicity of eggs meaning, as a rule, a multiplicity of offspring. The egg or eggs liberated from the surfaces of the ovaries tend to, and occasionally do, fall into the abdominal cavity, in which case the dangerous condition known as extra-uterine pregnancy occurs. In order to prevent such a catastrophe, nature, ever watchful, provides two special tubes called the Fallopian tubes to conduct them to the interior of the uterus. These tubes are very remarkable structures, and are armed with very ample powers. They spring from the horns of the uterus, and terminate in free, funnel-shaped, fimbriated extremities ; their function being to seize the mature egg or eggs and transmit them to the interior of the uterus (Plate xc. Fig. 7, page 391). The manner in which they do this is of transcending interest, and affords one of the best-known examples of co-ordinated, vital action. It also affords a striking instance of design. The free, fimbriated extremities of the Fallopian tubes Uterally search for and find the ripe egg or eggs on the surface of the ovaries. These they seize as if with hands, and slowly transmit along their interior (largely by ciHary action), coating them in transitu with a layer of albimien which at once affords them nourishment and faciUtates their progress. The Fallopian tubes exercise similar functions to those discharged by the oviduct of the bird already described. They perform their movements and provide their peculiar secretion quite apart from irritation or stimulation, as supposed. The egg or eggs, when once fairly lodged in the Fallopian tubes, are in the best possible position for impregnation, and here impregnation generally takes place. As already explained, it happens occasionally that gestation occurs in the tubes, and when it does, the abnormal and critical condition known as Fallopian tube pregnancy is established. At rare intervals the impregnated ovum escapes into the abdominal cavity. Abdominal and Fallopian tube pregnancies are, fortu- nately, exceedingly rare events. The world-renowned Csesar was the product of an abdominal pregnancy, and gave his name to the formidable obstetric operation known as the " Caesarian section." The spermatozoids, ova, uterus, &c., are figured at Plate xci., page 393. PLATE XCI Plate xci. illustrates the developments of the brain : it also shows various kinds of spermatozoa, an ovum and ovary, and a human uterus (natural size). Fig. 1.—A. A nerve tube with opening at either end. B. Expansion and bulging of brain substance at anterior end of nerve tube. 0. Expansion and division of nerve tube into three primary vesicles : I. forebrain ; II. midbrain ; III. hindbrain. D. Further expansion and subdivision into five primary vesicles, a, Cerebrum ; h, thalamencephalon ; c, optic lobes ; d, cerebellum ; e, medulla oblongata. The primary nerve tube is now known as spinal cord (/). E. Further expansion and differentiation, a, Cerebrum ; b, pineal body i ; , optic lobs ; rf, cerebellum ; e, medulla oblongata ; /, spinal cord ; g, olfactory lobe ; h, pituitary body ; i, notochord (after Huxley). Fig. 2.—Spiral spermatozoa of various kinds. A. Spermatozoon qI Iviton (Triton cristatus), x 450. B. Spermatozoa of rabbit {Lepus cuniculus), x 450. C. Spermatozoon of field mouse {Arvicola arvalis), x 450. D. Spermatozoon of wood shrike (Litnius riifits), x 450. E. Spermatozoon of gold finch (Frinyilla elegans), x 450. F. Spermatozoon of Perca (Pena/MOT'aii'fe), x 450. G. Spermatozoon of blackbird ( Turdus merula), x 450. H. Spermatozoon of man (Homo sapitns), x 450. 1. Spermatozoon of frog (liana temporarm), x 450. J. Spermatozoon of rat [Mus raftus), x 450. K. Spermatic cyst of common creeper bird (Certhia fainilinris), containing a bundle of spermatozoa, x 500. L. Spermatic cyst of rabbit. ((, The globules, each of which contains a spermatozoon, x 350 ; h, separate globuli x 500 (after ' Griffith and Henfrey). Fig. 3.—Portion of human ovary with mature and immature ova. u, Mature follicle and ovum, consisting of membrana granu- losa, zona pellucida, vitellus, germinal vesicle, and germinal spot ; h, epithelium ; v, stroma ; d, immature ova ; e, immature follicle (after Fothergill).
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND FGETUS a d O ^e 'f Fig. 1. 'e 'J V PLATE XCI Fig. 3, Ft.;. 4. PLATE XOl—continued Fig. 4.—Coronal and sagittal sections of human uterus drawn over half-inch squares to show the natural size of the organ. The same letters are employed in Figs. A and B. A (Coronal section), a, h. Mesial line section of uterus, showing fundus {it) and external os uteri (/)) ; c,
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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Page 383 and 384: ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
Page 385 and 386: A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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Page 397 and 398: DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
Page 405 and 406: DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
Page 415 and 416: COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
Page 417 and 418: § 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
Page 419 and 420: FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
Page 421 and 422: FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
Page 423 and 424: FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
Page 425 and 426: DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
Page 427 and 428: DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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Page 433 and 434: DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
Page 435 and 436: PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
Page 437 and 438: SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
Page 439 and 440: TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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Page 443 and 444: CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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Page 447 and 448: DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
Page 453 and 454: DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
Page 455 and 456: DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
Page 457 and 458: DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
Page 459 and 460: RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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