Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123<br />
the electric organs and the spinal cord and brain sufficiently account for the control the fish has over them, and the<br />
rich blood supply accounts for their high organisation and great activity. They are as completely under control as<br />
ordinary voluntary muscles, and many are of opinion that the electric and muscular systems have many points<br />
in common.<br />
The resemblance is traced in several directions : {a) in development ; from researches into the development<br />
of the electric organ of Torpedo it is supposed that the organ in question is developed from muscular substance ;<br />
(b) peculiar muscular organs, the functions of which have not been discovered, are found in the rays, Mormyrus<br />
and Gymnarchus ; (c) the electric organ and muscle behave similarly under the same circumstances. Thus, if the<br />
electric organ and muscle be exhausted, from whatever cause, they require rest and nourishment to restore them<br />
to their normal state. If strychnia be administered, a rapid succession of involuntary electric discharges is induced<br />
in the one, and tetanic convulsions in the other. If the motor nerves distributed to the electric organ and muscle<br />
under such circumstances, artificial activity may<br />
be divided, the brain loses its initiating and controlUng power :<br />
be induced by irritating the peripheral cut ends of the nerves going to the electric organ and muscle respectively.<br />
The more healthy and vigorous the electric organ and muscle and their possessors, the more severe the shock given,<br />
and the greater the muscular force evolved.<br />
" All muscles evolve a constant stream of electricity, which may be shown by a multiplying galvanometer to<br />
pass from the long external surface, which is positive, to the transversely cut section, which is negative. . . . Du<br />
Bois-Reymond discovered that, hke muscles, nerves possess an electric current, but much weaker, running from the<br />
longitudinal external surface, which is positive, to the transverse internal one, which is negative." ^<br />
The brain, as indicated, exercises supreme control over the electric organ and muscle alike.<br />
The structure of the electric organ varies somewhat in the several electric fishes.<br />
The electric fishes possessing fully formed electric organs, and which can gradually make, store, and give electric<br />
shocks of greater or less intensity at will, are the electric rays [Torfedinidm), the electric cat or sheath-fish of tropical<br />
Africa (Malapterurus), and the electric eel of tropical America (Gymtiotus).<br />
The electric rays have been carefully described by Dr. Giinther as follows : " The electric organs with which<br />
these fishes are armed are large, flat, uniform bodies, lying one on each side of the head, bounded behind by the<br />
scapular arch, and laterally by the anterior cresoentic tips of the pectoral fins. They consist of an assemblage<br />
of vertical hexagonal prisms, whose ends are in contact with the integuments above and below ; and each prism<br />
is subdivided by dehcate transverse septa, forming cells, filled with a clear, trembhng, jelly-like fluid, and fined<br />
within by an epithelium of nucleated corpuscles. Between this epithehum and the transverse septa and walls of<br />
the prism there is a layer of tissue on which the terminations of the nerves and vessels ramify. Hunter counted<br />
470 prisms in each battery of Torpedo marmorata, and demonstrated the enormous supply of nervous matter which<br />
they receive. Each organ receives one branch of the trigeminal nerve and four branches of the vagus—the<br />
former, and the three anterior branches of the latter, being each as thick as the spinal cord (electric lobes). The<br />
fish gives the electric shock voluntarily, when it is excited to do so in self-defence or intends to stun or to kill its<br />
prey ; but to receive the shock the object must complete the galvanic circuit by communicating with the fish at<br />
two distinct points, either directly or through the medium of some conducting body. If an insulated frog's leg touches<br />
the fish by the end of the nerve only, no muscular contractions ensue on the discharge of the battery, but a second<br />
point of contact immediately produces them. It is said that a painful sensation may be produced by a discharge<br />
conveyed through the medium of a stream of water. The electric currents created in these fishes exercise all the<br />
other known powers of electricity ; they render the needle magnetic, decompose chemical compounds, and emit<br />
the spark. The dorsal surface of the electric organ is positive, the ventral surface negative.<br />
" Of the genus Torpedo six species are known, distributed over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans ;<br />
three of them<br />
are rather common in the Mediterranean, and one (T. hehetans) reaches the south coast of England. They attain to<br />
a width of from two to three feet, and specimens of that size are able to disable by a single discharge a full-grown<br />
man, and, therefore, may prove dangerous to persons bathing. Other genera, differing from the Torpedo in the<br />
position and structure of some of the fins, are found in other tropical and sub-tropical seas, namely, Narcine, Hypnos,<br />
Discopyge (Peru), Astrape, and Temera. All, hke electric fishes generally, have a naked body.<br />
" A large fish, of the general appearance of a torpedo, has been found at Monte Bolca ; and Cydohatis, from the<br />
upper cretaceous hmestone of Lebanon, is probably another extinct representative of this family."<br />
What is said of the electric rays is, for the most part, true of the electric cat or sheath-fishes, and the<br />
electric eels.<br />
The electric sheath-fishes occur not unfrequently in the fresh waters of tropical Africa, and of these three<br />
1 "Physiology, General, Special, and Pi-actical," Ijy John Hughes Bennett, M.D., F.R.H.E., &e., Professor of the Institutes of Medicine,<br />
University of Edinburgh.