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274 DESIGN IN NATURE or automatically there is a reversion to the primitive type of movement as it occurs in the respiratory, circulatory, ahmentary, and reproductive rhythms. Whether movements are voluntary or involuntary is largely a question of habit, repetition, and training, in which the nervous system plays a not unimportant part. The muscular fibres of the stomach, bladder, and uterus are of the pale unstriated order. The movements of these viscera are strictly involuntary ; but (and this is remarkable) the heart, which is a typical involuntary muscle as regards its rhythmic movements, is composed of red striated muscular fibres. In the case of the respiratory muscles they are partly of one land and partly of the other. Thus the muscular fibres investing the trachea and bronchial tubes are of the pale unstriated sort, whereas those of the diaphragm, the thorax, and the abdomen and other muscles concerned are of the red striated, voluntary kind. The respiratory movements produced partly by pale unstriated and partly by red striated muscles are, however, typical rhythmic movements over which, as explained, we have the slenderest possible control, and only for a very limited period. In other words, rhythmic movements are not peculiar to either kind of muscle ; a fact which in itself goes far to break down the arbitrary but convenient distinction between the voluntary and involuntary system of muscles. (The pecuharities of the voluntary and involuntary muscles, and their precise mode of action, are illustrated at Plate Ixxxiii., p. .320.) These prehminary observations are necessary in speaking of the respiratory rhythmic movements, as much ignorance and misapprehension prevails as to their precise nature and the number of the hard and soft parts, especially muscles, which take part in them. The object of respiration in every instance is the interchange of gases. In plants and in the lowest animal forms that interchange takes place in a very simple way, and without the intervention of any special apparatus. The plant is enveloped in air, and air mingles and circulates with its juices throughout its entire substance. During the day the plant takes in the carbonic acid of the atmosphere and gives out oxygen. The amoeba, which may be taken as an example of the lowest animals, is similarly circumstanced. It is invested by air or air and water, and being molecular and largely structureless the air or the oxygen of the air finds easy passage through its substance. It takes in oxygen and gives out carbonic acid. The same holds true of the skin and mucous Knings and all the tissues of the body even in the highest animals. It is only when hearts and a system of blood-vessels containing blood or nutritious juices make their appearance that distinct respiratory organs become necessary. In the higher animals (bird and mammal) the connection between the respiratory organs and the circulation becomes very evident ; the lungs being provided with a heart for themselves, known as the right or pulmonic heart, as contra-distinguished from the left or systemic heart—the right heart forcing the blood through the lungs, the left heart forcing it through the system generally. § 55. The Respiratory Organs in Animals and in Man Structurally Considered. The respiratory organs are called gills and lungs respectively. They are designated gills in the fish, the water hzards, &c., and lungs in the reptile, bird, and mammal. PLATE LXXVII Plate Ixxvii. illustrates the structure and position of the human limg within the thorax : also the narrow chink or sht m the larynx through which the air passes in respiration, and the position and mode of action of the vocal chords. It also shows the structure of the lung of the fish, menobranchus and too Fig. 2.—Larynx, glottis, trachea, bronchial tubes, and air cells of human lung (after Dalton) frog j::^^-^: ^« -^^?s,n^s;-r3r^> - 1-^^ - -r^ - are s^'^Âî z ^ziz^:ia^:i:,^^:zST ^" '''- ^"^'^^-^ '-^'- ^^^ ^^"^ -« ^^^^ ^^ --^-- -^ diaiAra'liv.^r°*?,Kl?f f" antero-posterior section of a frozen human cadaver seen from behind. Shows the lun^, hem-t Tln?v^«^„?„' ^"'"'iT^ stomach in their natural positions ; the thorax and abdomen being separated from each other In tl, "^^ ' J he viscera completely 'i, occupy the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The heart is situated in the midXe of the thomx and h^ T"'
RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND IN MAN ^7S PLATE LXXVI] Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Fig 8. exceedingly thin the walls of the auricles are as compared with those of the left \'eiitricle. The heart beats within the chest, a (so to speak) greater heart. The muscles of the heart and chest are similarly arranged, j, Biglit lung; /c, left lung; I, diaphragm; to, liver ; n, stomach (the Author, 1873). Fig. 7.—Anterior half of section of human larynx near its middle. Shows the narrow- aperture or chink (rima glottidis) through which the air passes in respiration and the formation of voice, and which, if Ijy any chance obstructed beyond a few minutes, results in death from suffocation ; also the vocal chords, cartilages, and muscles of the laiynx and the transverse cartilages of the trachea. a. Free part of epiglottis ; h, great oornu of hyoid bone ; c, thyro-hyoid membrane ; cl, thyroid cartilage ; »', cricoid cartilage ; /, first ring of trachea ; y, thyro-arytenoid muscle ; h, inferior thyro-arytenoid ligament in membrane of true vocal chord at the rima glottidis
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'î^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
Page 261 and 262: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 263 and 264: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 265 and 266: SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
Page 267 and 268: GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
Page 269 and 270: SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
Page 271 and 272: PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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Page 275 and 276: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 277 and 278: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 279 and 280: ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
Page 281 and 282: INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
Page 283 and 284: INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
Page 285 and 286: EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
Page 287 and 288: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 289 and 290: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 291 and 292: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
Page 293 and 294: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
Page 295 and 296: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
Page 297 and 298: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
Page 303 and 304: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
Page 305 and 306: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
Page 307 and 308: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
Page 309 and 310: RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
Page 311: RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
Page 315 and 316: NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
Page 323 and 324: NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
Page 343 and 344: THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
Page 345 and 346: Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
Page 347 and 348: THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
Page 349 and 350: Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
Page 351 and 352: PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
Page 353 and 354: PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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